Innovative approaches to Herpes Simplex virus treatment using natural products

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a highly prevalent pathogen responsible for a range of clinical manifestations, from mild cold sores to severe complications such as encephalitis. Despite its global impact, there is currently no vaccine available to prevent HSV-1 infections, leaving antiviral drugs as the primary means of managing both primary infections and recurrences. However, the long-term use of these antivirals often presents challenges, including adverse effects and the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains. These limitations underscore the urgent need for innovative strategies to prevent and treat HSV-1 infections effectively. This Doctoral thesis explores two complementary approaches aimed at addressing these challenges. The first focuses on the potential of plant-derived molecules as a source of novel antiviral agents. Natural compounds from plants have demonstrated diverse mechanisms of action, targeting multiple stages of the HSV-1 replicative cycle. By leveraging this chemical diversity, plant-derived molecules may offer a means to circumvent viral resistance and enhance the therapeutic arsenal against HSV-1. These phytochemicals also align with the growing demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions in drug development, offering a promising avenue for green innovation. The second approach investigates the development of antiviral materials and coatings to minimize the risk of indirect viral transmission through contaminated surfaces. HSV-1 can persist on fomites, serving as a potential source of infection, particularly in high-contact environments such as healthcare settings. Creating materials with intrinsic antiviral properties represents a proactive strategy to interrupt the transmission chain. Importantly, this approach also emphasizes the use of sustainable, non-toxic, and biodegradable materials, aligning with the global push for greener technologies. Importantly, a unifying theme throughout this thesis is the commitment to advancing green strategies in combating HSV-1 infections. Both approaches, plant-based antiviral drug discovery and the development of antiviral coatings, integrate sustainability into their design, ensuring that solutions not only address the immediate need to control HSV-1 but also contribute to long-term environmental stewardship.