“SUSTAINABLE LOGISTICS IN THE LAST-MILE: EVALUATION TECHNIQUES”

The rapid growth of e-commerce, urbanization, and environmental awareness has underscored the critical importance of sustainable last-mile logistics (LML). This thesis examines the role of Urban Consolidation Centers (UCCs) and multicriteria decision-aiding (MCDA) methodologies in developing strategies that balance economic, environmental, and social goals. The research addresses two main questions: how decision-makers and stakeholders integrate sustainability into urban logistics strategies and alternative fuel-powered fleets' economic and environmental impacts. To answer the first, a systematic literature review and an improved version of the Deck Card Method (PaCo-DCM) were employed to evaluate and rank sustainable logistics strategies. A case study featuring Interporto Padova, a key intermodal logistics operator in Italy, demonstrated the framework’s utility in comparing seven logistics scenarios based on stakeholder priorities and sustainability objectives. The findings highlighted the potential of UCCs, supported by innovative evaluation methods, to reduce congestion and emissions while enhancing urban livability. The second research question involved developing a valuation framework that integrated Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) analysis and environmental impact assessment to evaluate fleet configurations—Diesel, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and Electric Vehicles (EVs). A case study of the Cityporto Padova fleet revealed that mixed fleets (CNG and EVs) offer environmental advantages over traditional Diesel fleets. However, existing incentives make CNG more viable than EVs and the best choice for performing B2B deliveries. The thesis contributes with actionable tools to sustainable urban logistics and policy-making, aligning with the European Green Deal and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Its outcomes inform stakeholders—including policymakers, logistics operators, and urban planners—on implementing innovative, sustainable logistics strategies tailored to the demands of modern cities.