GENETIC VARIATION IN TASTE PERCEPTION AND ITS ROLE IN FOOD LIKING AND HEALTH STATUS

Taste has been described as the body's †œnutritional gatekeeper†�, affecting the identification of nutrients and toxins and guiding food choices. Genetic variation in taste receptor genes can influence perception of sweet, umami and bitter tastes, whereas less is known about the genetics of sour and salty taste. Differences in taste perception, influencing food selection and dietary behavior, have also shown important long-term health implications, especially for food-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases. To date, a lot of studies are focused on taste receptor genes and function but further investigations are needed to better understand which factors, including genetic ones, are involved in influencing taste and food preferences and the corresponding connections with health status. The aim of this thesis is to understand the genetic bases of taste perception and its relationship to food preferences and health outcomes. Data from ~3500 subjects coming from isolated villages located in Italy, Caucasus and Central Asia were collected. The ability to taste PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) bitterness and NaCL saltiness, food liking and intake were measured. Additional information such as clinical parameters, professional activity, lifestyle, eating habits and family history were also collected. To learn more about taste biology the following steps were performed in this thesis: 1) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of bitter and salty taste perception; 2) analysis of the possible impact of bitter taste perception on food preferences; 3) investigation of the relationship between differences in taste perception genes, food preferences and dental caries, as example of health outcome. The main specific results emerging from this PhD thesis work are: 1) GWAS revealed two SNPs closed to TRPV7 and KCNA5 genes associated to salty perception; 2) always through GWAS a SNP closed to GHRL gene, encoding for ghrelin and obestatin, was found to be associated to PROP bitter perception. An additional SNP closed to the 5' region of the T2R38 gene showed association to the same phenotype; 3) ability to perceive PROP could be a marker for general perception of taste stimuli suggesting that differences in taste perception may be a driver of food liking; 4) the risk to develop dental caries is associated to genetic differences in sweet taste genes. In addition, sweet food liking but not sugar intake results linked to dental caries prevalence, suggesting that food preferences may predictive of health outcomes better than food intake. Overall, these data represent a starting point to better understand how chemosensory differences may interact to influence and predict food choices and human nutritional behavior.