Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder characterized by repeated episodes of prolonged upper airway obstruction and/or complete or intermittent blockage, which disrupt normal sleep patterns. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is a respiratory ventilation method used in the treatment of OSA, administered via a mask applied to the patient’s face. Currently, the scientific literature provides limited data regarding the forces or pressures exerted on the face by CPAP masks. Attention has recently been directed toward the potential side effects that such pressures may have on facial development in growing individuals, because most efforts have been focused on minimizing air leakage from the mask, rather than on measuring and controlling the forces required to secure it to the face. A previous study conducted on a prototyped skull model, involving both experimental and numerical simulations, demonstrated that CPAP masks may exert unevenly distributed forces on the facial surface. Notably, the type of mask used (nasal, oronasal, or full-face) significantly influences the pressure distribution, indicating that the choice of an appropriate device can prevent pressure concentration in critical anatomical areas. The aim of the present study was twofold: first, to experimentally test the mechanical properties of a commercially available CPAP mask to assess its performance; second, to extract data useful for the development of a new full-face CPAP mask prototype, designed to improve comfort and effectiveness, and suitable for use in pediatric and growing patients. For this study, a full-face CPAP mask (F&P Simplus, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand) in medium size was used. Material samples were obtained from the mask components for testing. All mechanical tests were conducted using an Instron® 5848 Micro Tester (Norwood, MA, USA). The experimental results revealed substantial differences in the mechanical behavior of materials commonly used for CPAP mask fabrication, providing valuable insights for the development of design solutions with reduced skeletal and soft tissue impact. Based on these findings, innovative ergonomic features were outlined to guide the prototyping of a new CPAP mask model.
L'apnea ostruttiva del sonno (OSA) e un disturbo respiratorio caratterizzato da ripetuti episodi di ostruzione prolungata delle vie aeree superiori e/o ostruzione completa o intermittente, che modificano i normali ritmi del sonno. La pressione positiva continua delle vie aeree (CPAP) è un metodo di ventilazione respiratoria utilizzato nel trattamento dell'OSA, applicata sul viso del paziente tramite una maschera. Attualmente, la letteratura scientifica fornisce informazioni limitate riguardo alle forze o pressioni esercitate sul volto dalla maschera CPAP. Solo di recente si è iniziato a indagare con maggiore interesse i potenziali effetti collaterali che tali pressioni potrebbero avere sullo sviluppo facciale nei soggetti in fase di crescita, poiché l’attenzione si è concentrata prevalentemente sul limitare la fuoriuscita d’aria dalla maschera CPAP, piuttosto che sulla misurazione e sul controllo delle forze necessarie per stabilizzarla sul volto. Uno studio precedente su un modello di cranio prototipato, che ha condotto simulazioni sia sperimentali che numeriche, ha dimostrato che la maschera CPAP può esercitare forze non distribuite uniformemente sul viso. In particolare, è emerso che il tipo di maschera impiegata (nasale, oro-nasale o facciale completa) influisce sensibilmente sulla distribuzione delle pressioni esercitate; di conseguenza, la scelta di un dispositivo adeguato può evitare la concentrazione delle pressioni in specifiche aree anatomiche critiche. L’’obiettivo del presente studio è stato duplice: da un lato testare sperimentalmente le caratteristiche meccaniche di una maschera CPAP in commercio per valutarne le prestazioni, al fine di estrapolarne dati utili al fine di sviluppare un nuovo prototipo di maschera facciale full-face, innovativo sotto i profili di confort e dell’efficacia e idoneo all’utilizzo anche in soggetti in fase di crescita. Per il seguente studio è stata utilizzata una maschera full-face CPAP F&P Simplus mask (Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand), di dimensione media, da cui sono stati ricavati i campioni per le analisi dei diversi materiali componenti. Tutte prove meccaniche sono state condotte con una macchina Instron® 5848 Micro Tester (Norwood, MA, USA). I risultati sperimentali ottenuti nel presente studio hanno evidenziato differenze sostanziali nel comportamento meccanico dei materiali impiegabili per la realizzazione di maschere CPAP, fornendo indicazioni utili per lo sviluppo di soluzioni progettuali a basso impatto scheletrico e tessutale. Sono state quindi stilate le caratteristiche ergonomiche innovative su cui basarsi per la prototipazione di un nuovo modello di maschera CPAP.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN INNOVATIVE FULL-FACE CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE MASK FOR THE TREATMENT OF OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS
MASSETTI, FRANCESCA
2025
Abstract
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder characterized by repeated episodes of prolonged upper airway obstruction and/or complete or intermittent blockage, which disrupt normal sleep patterns. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) is a respiratory ventilation method used in the treatment of OSA, administered via a mask applied to the patient’s face. Currently, the scientific literature provides limited data regarding the forces or pressures exerted on the face by CPAP masks. Attention has recently been directed toward the potential side effects that such pressures may have on facial development in growing individuals, because most efforts have been focused on minimizing air leakage from the mask, rather than on measuring and controlling the forces required to secure it to the face. A previous study conducted on a prototyped skull model, involving both experimental and numerical simulations, demonstrated that CPAP masks may exert unevenly distributed forces on the facial surface. Notably, the type of mask used (nasal, oronasal, or full-face) significantly influences the pressure distribution, indicating that the choice of an appropriate device can prevent pressure concentration in critical anatomical areas. The aim of the present study was twofold: first, to experimentally test the mechanical properties of a commercially available CPAP mask to assess its performance; second, to extract data useful for the development of a new full-face CPAP mask prototype, designed to improve comfort and effectiveness, and suitable for use in pediatric and growing patients. For this study, a full-face CPAP mask (F&P Simplus, Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, Auckland, New Zealand) in medium size was used. Material samples were obtained from the mask components for testing. All mechanical tests were conducted using an Instron® 5848 Micro Tester (Norwood, MA, USA). The experimental results revealed substantial differences in the mechanical behavior of materials commonly used for CPAP mask fabrication, providing valuable insights for the development of design solutions with reduced skeletal and soft tissue impact. Based on these findings, innovative ergonomic features were outlined to guide the prototyping of a new CPAP mask model.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/285179
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBS-285179