In the last years, scientific community has shown a strong interest towards the study of circulating levels of some vitamins, as it has been shown that a vitamin deficiency is often related to numerous neoplastic processes and represents an important predisposing factor for several other diseases. Recent studies have put on evidence that the content of some vitamins severely varies in patients affected by blood pathologies in different stages of the disease. The aim of this work was to determine the circulating levels of vitamins A, E and C by HPLC (high resolution chromatography) in patients affected by myeloid neoplasms, in order to obtain useful information to explain their role in the biology, in clinical course of AML and to evaluate their possible implication on therapy. In particular, there is evidence that a decreased level of vitamin C is occurring in patients affected by leukemia. This vitamin has indeed been shown to significantly block the progression of the disease through epigenetic mechanisms as well as restoring the normal function and differentiation of the hematopoietic stem cells. In this context, we investigated the serum levels of vitamins A and E and the plasmatics levels of vitamin C in 57 patients affected by acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 5 with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and 5 with Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and 15 healthy-donors (HDs). In particular, the vitamin C levels have been measured in 13 patients with AML in complete remission (CR) and in 10 during the progression of the disease. We have moreover determined the intracellular levels of vitamin C in AML-MNCs (mononuclear cells) (n=9), blasts/lymphocytes (n=8) and HDs-MNCs (n=7). The expression levels of the main vitamin C transporters coded by the genes SLC23A2, SLC2A1 ed SLC2A3 were finally evaluated via QRT-PCR in 22 AML e 16 HDs. Our data analysis showed no statistically significant variation in the circulating levels of vitamins A and E in the patients affected by myeloid neoplasms as compared to the healthy donors. Conversely, vitamin C concentration has been found to be significantly inferior in patients affected by leukemia compared to the control. Moreover, the circulating level of vitamin C is inversely proportional to the countered numbers of peripheral blasts p=0.011) and significantly increased in 13 AML at the moment of CR compared to the sample collected at diagnosis (p=0.0046). 2 On the contrary, a significant decrease of vitamin C concentration has been observed in 10 refractory patients (p=0.019). The intracellular analysis of vitamin C has shown a significant decrease of its levels in both MNCs from AML with respect to the HDs (p=0.0003), and in the blasts with respect to lymphocytes of the same leukemic patients. On the same trend, also the gene expression of the main vitamin C transporters, SLC23A2, SLC2A1 and SLC2A3 was significatively reduced in AML patients compared to HDs. We have not revealed any significative difference between the plasmatic vitamin C levels stratified by cytogenetic (p=0.367) and prognostic (2017-ELN) (p=0.754) AML classification. Finally, vitamin C levels is not a predictive marker of the patient survival and of the cumulative risk of relapse. Our study shows that the vitamin C levels are significantly reduced in AML patients at the diagnosis stage, with a further decrease during the progression of the disease, to eventually reach normal values during the CR. Finally, we hypothesize that the lower intercellular levels of vitamin C could be an indication of faster metabolite consumption in proliferating cells. It is nowadays well known that vitamin C is strongly correlated with the enzymatic activity of TET2, involved in epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA demethylation. In fact, it has indeed been demonstrated how the TET2 loss of function is involved in the development of leukemic processes, and how vitamin C acting as a cofactor, affects its activity. These observations lead us to perform a NGS in 18 AML samples at onset with the aim to correlate the circulating levels of vitamin C with the mutational state of the main genes involved in the pathogenesis of AML, including TET2. However, no correlation was found between the number, the type of mutation and the plasmatic levels of vitamin C.
Negli ultimi anni la comunità scientifica ha mostrato un forte interesse per lo studio dei livelli circolanti di alcune vitamine, poiché è stato dimostrato come un deficit vitaminico sia spesso correlato a numerosi processi neoplastici e rappresenti un fattore predisponente importante di specifiche malattie. Studi in letteratura hanno evidenziato variazioni dei livelli di alcune vitamine circolanti in pazienti affetti da patologie ematologiche in diversi stadi della malattia, a tal proposito l’obiettivo del presente lavoro è stato quello di determinare i livelli circolanti di vitamine A, E e C mediante HPLC (cromatografia ad alta risoluzione) in pazienti con inquadramento diagnostico leucemico, al fine di ottenere indicazioni utili per spiegare il loro ruolo nella biologia, nel decorso clinico dei pazienti e valutare una loro possibile applicazione nella terapia. In particolare, numerosi studi hanno messo in evidenza una riduzione dei livelli circolanti di Vitamina C in pazienti leucemici. La vitamina C svolge un ruolo significativo nel sopprimere la progressione della leucemia attraverso meccanismi epigenetici e di ripristinare la normale funzione e differenziazione delle cellule staminali ematopoietiche. A questo scopo, abbiamo studiato i livelli sierici delle vitamine A ed E ed i livelli plasmatici della vitamina C in 57 pazienti con leucemia Acuta Mieolide (LAM), 5 con leucemia Acuta Promielocitica (LAP), 5 con sindrome mielodisplastica (MDS) alla diagnosi ed in 15 donatori sani (HDs). In particolare, i livelli della vitamina C sono stati valutati in 13 pazienti con LAM in remissione completa (CR) e 10 in progressione di malattia. Abbiamo inoltre studiato la concentrazione intracellulare della vitamina C nelle LAM a livello delle cellule mononucleate (MNCs) (n=9), nei blasti (n=8) e nei linfociti (n=8) e nelle MNCs di individui sani (n=7). L’espressione dei principali trasportatori cellulari della vitamina C, codificati dai geni SLC23A2, SLC2A1 ed SLC2A3 è stata infine valutata mediante QRT-PCR in 22 LAM e 16 HDs. Dall’analisi dei risultati ottenuti non è emersa alcuna significatività̀ statistica tra i livelli circolanti di vitamine A ed E nei pazienti leucemici rispetto ai donatori sani. Al contrario, è stata evidenziata una riduzione statisticamente significativa della vitamina C pazienti leucemici rispetto ai donatori sani. In particolare, i livelli circolanti della vitamina C sono risultati inversamente correlati alla conta dei blasti periferici (p=0.011) e significativamente aumentati in 13 LAM al momento della CR rispetto al campione prelevato alla diagnosi (p=0.0046). Al contrario, è stata osservata una significativa riduzione della concentrazione plasmatica della vitamina C in 10 pazienti refrattari al trattamento (p=0.019). L’analisi condotta a livello intracellulare, ha mostrato un significativo decremento della vitamina C sia nelle MNCs delle LAM rispetto ai HDs (p=0.0003), che nei blasti rispetto ai linfociti degli stessi pazienti leucemici. In linea con questo anche l’espressione dei principali trasportatori della vitamina C, SLC23A2, SLC2A1 e SLC2A3 è significativamente ridotta nelle LAM rispetto ai HDs. Non abbiamo riscontrato alcuna differenza significativa tra i valori della vitamina C plasmatica stratificati secondo la classificazione citogenetica (p=0,367) e prognostica (2017-ELN) (p=0,754) delle LAM. Infine, i livelli della vitamina C non sembrano avere alcun ruolo predittivo per quanto riguarda la sopravvivenza globale dei pazienti, ed il rischio cumulativo di recidiva. Il nostro studio mostra come i livelli di vitamina C siano significativamente ridotti nelle LAM alla diagnosi, con un ulteriore decremento durante la progressione della malattia, per poi raggiungere valori normali al momento della CR. Infine, ipotizziamo che i bassi livelli intracellulari della vitamina C possano rispecchiare un aumento del consumo metabolico della stessa nelle cellule in proliferazione. È ad oggi ben noto come la vitamina C sia strettamente correlata all’attività dell’enzima TET2, coinvolto nei meccanismi epigenetici, come la demetilazione del DNA. È stato dimostrato infatti come la perdita funzionale di TET2 sia implicata nei processi leucemici, e come la vitamina C, agendo come cofattore, incida sulla sua attività. A seguito di queste osservazioni, abbiamo effettuato un’analisi in NGS in 18 campioni di LAM all’esordio di malattia allo scopo di correlare i bassi livelli circolanti della vitamina C con lo stato mutazionale dei principali geni coinvolti nella patogenesi della LAM, compreso TET2. Non abbiamo riscontrato però alcuna mutazione a livello del gene TET2 e nessuna correlazione tra il numero ed il tipo di mutazione genetica ed i livelli plasmatici della vitamina C.
Bassi livelli di vitamina C in pazienti affetti da leucemia acuta mieloide
PUZZANGARA, MARIA CARMEN
2022
Abstract
In the last years, scientific community has shown a strong interest towards the study of circulating levels of some vitamins, as it has been shown that a vitamin deficiency is often related to numerous neoplastic processes and represents an important predisposing factor for several other diseases. Recent studies have put on evidence that the content of some vitamins severely varies in patients affected by blood pathologies in different stages of the disease. The aim of this work was to determine the circulating levels of vitamins A, E and C by HPLC (high resolution chromatography) in patients affected by myeloid neoplasms, in order to obtain useful information to explain their role in the biology, in clinical course of AML and to evaluate their possible implication on therapy. In particular, there is evidence that a decreased level of vitamin C is occurring in patients affected by leukemia. This vitamin has indeed been shown to significantly block the progression of the disease through epigenetic mechanisms as well as restoring the normal function and differentiation of the hematopoietic stem cells. In this context, we investigated the serum levels of vitamins A and E and the plasmatics levels of vitamin C in 57 patients affected by acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 5 with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and 5 with Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and 15 healthy-donors (HDs). In particular, the vitamin C levels have been measured in 13 patients with AML in complete remission (CR) and in 10 during the progression of the disease. We have moreover determined the intracellular levels of vitamin C in AML-MNCs (mononuclear cells) (n=9), blasts/lymphocytes (n=8) and HDs-MNCs (n=7). The expression levels of the main vitamin C transporters coded by the genes SLC23A2, SLC2A1 ed SLC2A3 were finally evaluated via QRT-PCR in 22 AML e 16 HDs. Our data analysis showed no statistically significant variation in the circulating levels of vitamins A and E in the patients affected by myeloid neoplasms as compared to the healthy donors. Conversely, vitamin C concentration has been found to be significantly inferior in patients affected by leukemia compared to the control. Moreover, the circulating level of vitamin C is inversely proportional to the countered numbers of peripheral blasts p=0.011) and significantly increased in 13 AML at the moment of CR compared to the sample collected at diagnosis (p=0.0046). 2 On the contrary, a significant decrease of vitamin C concentration has been observed in 10 refractory patients (p=0.019). The intracellular analysis of vitamin C has shown a significant decrease of its levels in both MNCs from AML with respect to the HDs (p=0.0003), and in the blasts with respect to lymphocytes of the same leukemic patients. On the same trend, also the gene expression of the main vitamin C transporters, SLC23A2, SLC2A1 and SLC2A3 was significatively reduced in AML patients compared to HDs. We have not revealed any significative difference between the plasmatic vitamin C levels stratified by cytogenetic (p=0.367) and prognostic (2017-ELN) (p=0.754) AML classification. Finally, vitamin C levels is not a predictive marker of the patient survival and of the cumulative risk of relapse. Our study shows that the vitamin C levels are significantly reduced in AML patients at the diagnosis stage, with a further decrease during the progression of the disease, to eventually reach normal values during the CR. Finally, we hypothesize that the lower intercellular levels of vitamin C could be an indication of faster metabolite consumption in proliferating cells. It is nowadays well known that vitamin C is strongly correlated with the enzymatic activity of TET2, involved in epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA demethylation. In fact, it has indeed been demonstrated how the TET2 loss of function is involved in the development of leukemic processes, and how vitamin C acting as a cofactor, affects its activity. These observations lead us to perform a NGS in 18 AML samples at onset with the aim to correlate the circulating levels of vitamin C with the mutational state of the main genes involved in the pathogenesis of AML, including TET2. However, no correlation was found between the number, the type of mutation and the plasmatic levels of vitamin C.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/301443
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-301443