HIV genetic diversity may affect the pathogenesis and global spread of HIV strains. To date, our knowledge about the highly diverse HIV-1M viruses circulating in Cameroon epicentre of HIV-1M origin is mainly limited to their genome sequences. Yet, little is known about the underlying biological interactions that may drive the uneven prevalence of these viruses. Here, we used Nef-mediated downregulation of CD4 and HLA-I molecules to understand the heterogeneous HIV-1M epidemic in Cameroon. Single HIV-1 plasma RNA Nef from ART Naïve HIV-infected individuals from Cameroon were cloned into an expression plasmid, then transfected into T cell line for CD4 and HLA-I downregulation assays. Prior to Nef mediated CD4 and HLA downregulation assays, HIV sequences were analysed phylogenetically to determine the type and frequencies of subtypes circulating in Cameroon. As predicted, CRF02_AG dominated the epidemic accounting for more than 50% of the circulating viruses. The HIV epidemic was characterized by the presence of CRFs including CRF01_AE, CRF22_01A1 and complex CRFs such CRF11_cpx, 36_cpx, 37_cpx, CRF25_cpx, CRF45_cpx together with pure subtypes A, D, F, G and H. However, we noted that there were more complex CRFs in the remote areas than in the city such as CRF13_cpx, CRF18_cpx and CRF37_cpx. only identified in remote areas. We also found that the HIV epidemic in Cameroon strongly characterized by the presence of URFs and unclassified divergent lineages suggesting possible new CRFs. This supports the theory that the HIV epidemic in Cameroon is evolving with a potential impact on future drug and vaccine development. Though HIV prevalence varies across the country, the molecular epidemiology of HIV shows a high genetic diversity and a homogenous distribution of subtypes across the country. The remote settings harbor many complex CRFs which may suggest an Ancient HIV epidemic in this region. Secondly, in the quest to understand the heterogenous distribution of HIV-1 group M subtypes circulating in Cameroon we evaluated the ability of HIV-Nef from these viruses to downregulate CD4 and HLA-I. We found out that; Inter-subtype comparison Nef function reveal that different subtypes in Cameroon exhibit different Nef Functions confirming that these viruses exhibit different biological properties which may explain their circulating frequencies. We observed that Nef function correlated with viral load a marker of disease progression though not strong. Thirdly and lastly, in an exploratory analysis on the inter- and intra-subtype analysis, we identified of amino acid residues with a cost on Nef-mediated CD4 and HLA downregulation activities could provide inside into the mechanism underlying the downregulation of CD4 and HLA-I by HIV-1 Nef protein such as amino acids at position 20, 43, 116 or 174. The resolved and superimposed Nef structures reveal an inter-variability of the Nef sequences which translates the differential ability to downregulate CD4 and HLA-I amongst the circulating subtypes.
La diversità genetica dell'HIV può influenzare la patogenesi e la diffusione globale dei ceppi di HIV. Ad oggi, la nostra conoscenza dei virus HIV-1M altamente diversificati che circolano nell'epicentro del Camerun di origine HIV-1M è principalmente limitata alle loro sequenze genomiche. Tuttavia, si sa poco sulle interazioni biologiche sottostanti che potrebbero guidare la diffusione irregolare di questi virus. Qui, abbiamo utilizzato la down-regulation mediata da Nef delle molecole CD4 e HLA-I per comprendere l’eterogeneità della epidemia di HIV-1M in Camerun. Singolo RNA plasmatico HIV-1 Nef da ART Naïve individui infetti da HIV del Camerun sono stati clonati in un plasmide di espressione, quindi trasfettati nella linea di cellule T per test di down-regulation CD4 e HLA-I. Prima dei saggi di down-regulation CD4 e HLA mediati da Nef, le sequenze di HIV sono state analizzate filogeneticamente per determinare il tipo e le frequenze dei sottotipi che circolano in Camerun. Come previsto, CRF02_AG ha dominato l'epidemia rappresentando oltre il 50% dei virus circolanti. Oltre al CRF02_AG si è rilevata la presenza di CRF tra cui CRF01_AE, CRF22_01A1 e CRF complessi come CRF11_cpx, 36_cpx, 37_cpx, CRF25_cpx, CRF45_cpx insieme a sottotipi puri A, D, F, G e H. Tuttavia, abbiamo notato che i CRF più complessi come CRF13_cpx, CRF18_cpx e CRF37_cpx erano maggiormente presenti in aree remote che in città. Abbiamo anche scoperto che l'epidemia di HIV in Camerun è fortemente caratterizzata dalla presenza di URF e lignaggi non classificati divergenti che suggeriscono possibili nuovi CRF. Ciò supporta la teoria secondo cui l'epidemia di HIV in Camerun si sta evolvendo con un potenziale impatto sul futuro sviluppo di farmaci e vaccini. Sebbene la prevalenza dell'HIV vari nel paese, l'epidemiologia molecolare dell'HIV mostra un'elevata diversità genetica e una distribuzione omogenea dei sottotipi in tutto il Paese. Le impostazioni remote ospitano molti complessi CRF che potrebbero suggerire un'antica epidemia di HIV in questa regione. In secondo luogo, per comprendere la distribuzione eterogenea dei sottotipi di HIV-1 gruppo M circolanti in Camerun abbiamo valutato la capacità dell'HIV-Nef di questi virus di sottoregolare CD4 e HLA-I. Abbiamo scoperto che: i) Diversi sottotipi in Camerun esibiscono diverse funzioni Nef, confermando che questi virus mostrano diverse proprietà biologiche che possono spiegare la loro differente circolazione. ii) Abbiamo osservato che la funzione di Nef era correlata alla carica virale, un marker di progressione della malattia sebbene non forte. iii) In un'analisi esplorativa dell'analisi inter- e intra-sottotipo, abbiamo identificato residui di amminoacidi correlati significativamente ad attività di down-regulation di CD4 e HLA Nefdipendenti come i residui in posizione 20, 43, 116 o 174.
Using Nef-mediated downregulation of CD4 and MHC-1 molecules to understand the heterologous distribution of HIV-1 group m lineages circulating in Cameroon
SONELA, NELSON
2022
Abstract
HIV genetic diversity may affect the pathogenesis and global spread of HIV strains. To date, our knowledge about the highly diverse HIV-1M viruses circulating in Cameroon epicentre of HIV-1M origin is mainly limited to their genome sequences. Yet, little is known about the underlying biological interactions that may drive the uneven prevalence of these viruses. Here, we used Nef-mediated downregulation of CD4 and HLA-I molecules to understand the heterogeneous HIV-1M epidemic in Cameroon. Single HIV-1 plasma RNA Nef from ART Naïve HIV-infected individuals from Cameroon were cloned into an expression plasmid, then transfected into T cell line for CD4 and HLA-I downregulation assays. Prior to Nef mediated CD4 and HLA downregulation assays, HIV sequences were analysed phylogenetically to determine the type and frequencies of subtypes circulating in Cameroon. As predicted, CRF02_AG dominated the epidemic accounting for more than 50% of the circulating viruses. The HIV epidemic was characterized by the presence of CRFs including CRF01_AE, CRF22_01A1 and complex CRFs such CRF11_cpx, 36_cpx, 37_cpx, CRF25_cpx, CRF45_cpx together with pure subtypes A, D, F, G and H. However, we noted that there were more complex CRFs in the remote areas than in the city such as CRF13_cpx, CRF18_cpx and CRF37_cpx. only identified in remote areas. We also found that the HIV epidemic in Cameroon strongly characterized by the presence of URFs and unclassified divergent lineages suggesting possible new CRFs. This supports the theory that the HIV epidemic in Cameroon is evolving with a potential impact on future drug and vaccine development. Though HIV prevalence varies across the country, the molecular epidemiology of HIV shows a high genetic diversity and a homogenous distribution of subtypes across the country. The remote settings harbor many complex CRFs which may suggest an Ancient HIV epidemic in this region. Secondly, in the quest to understand the heterogenous distribution of HIV-1 group M subtypes circulating in Cameroon we evaluated the ability of HIV-Nef from these viruses to downregulate CD4 and HLA-I. We found out that; Inter-subtype comparison Nef function reveal that different subtypes in Cameroon exhibit different Nef Functions confirming that these viruses exhibit different biological properties which may explain their circulating frequencies. We observed that Nef function correlated with viral load a marker of disease progression though not strong. Thirdly and lastly, in an exploratory analysis on the inter- and intra-subtype analysis, we identified of amino acid residues with a cost on Nef-mediated CD4 and HLA downregulation activities could provide inside into the mechanism underlying the downregulation of CD4 and HLA-I by HIV-1 Nef protein such as amino acids at position 20, 43, 116 or 174. The resolved and superimposed Nef structures reveal an inter-variability of the Nef sequences which translates the differential ability to downregulate CD4 and HLA-I amongst the circulating subtypes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/304298
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-304298