This project aims to contribute to broadening knowledge about lifestyle and health conditions in the ancient city of Rome through a wide paleonutritional survey among people living in Rome from the 1st to the 11th centuries CE. Primary sources about the lifestyle, society, and material culture of the inhabitants of ancient Rome are quite extensive, but the development of biomolecular techniques provided powerful tools capable to shed light on crucial aspects of the biological characteristics of this ancient human population. In particular, this study focused on the depiction of the dietary profile of ancient Romans because dietary patterns could be hypothesized as one of the most retained markers of the cultural identity of a population, while also providing information about the subsistence economy and the social organization of ancient societies. 393 human and 22 faunal remains were selected from 11 Imperial and postImperial necropoleis scattered through the Roman territory to be submitted to carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. The isotopic evaluation provided novel information about the diet of Roman commoners. Overall, the consumption of C3 plant resources was detected in lower mounts than suggested by the literature, while protein rich-food (from both terrestrial and freshwater environments) revealed to have played a significant role in the ancient Roman diet. Then, dietary variability was detected both among and within Imperial communities, suggesting as the diet of the Roman commoners should not to be considered as a single whole. Furthermore, a diachronic nutritional transition in ancient Rome was detected, highlighting that the complex historic period following the fall of the Empire influenced the lifestyle of the Romans. In particular we observed a significant drop in protein-rich food consumption and a drop in dietary variability in the early Middle Ages, probably related to the poor socioeconomic conditions of medieval Romans and to the crisis of the Roman economy, in particular the crisis of the trade system of the Imperial Rome. Then, different dietary patterns were found in other areas of the Empire, underlying that the lifestyle in the heart of the Empire was different from that in far areas. Lastly, genomic analysis was performed for a selected sample where a specific nutrition-related disease was identified. This evaluation opened new scenarios about the disease that affected this individual, underlying as the development of next generation sequencing technologies allows to the deepen our knowledge about the history of disease.
Questo progetto mira ad ampliare le conoscenze sullo stile di vita e le condizioni di salute nell'antica Roma attraverso un'ampia indagine paleonutrizionale tra gli abitanti di Roma dal 1° all'11° secolo CE. Le fonti storico-letterarie riguardanti lo stile di vita, la società e la cultura materiale nell'antica Roma sono piuttosto estese, ma lo sviluppo delle tecnologie biomolecolari ha fornito nuovi strumenti in grado di far luce su aspetti cruciali delle caratteristiche biologiche di questa popolazione. In particolare, questo studio si è focalizzato sulla caratterizzazione del profilo dietetico degli antichi romani in quanto l’alimentazione può essere considerata come uno dei marcatori più importanti per definire l'identità culturale di una popolazione. 393 reperti umani e 22 reperti faunistici sono stati selezionati tra 11 necropoli Imperiali e post-Imperiali e successivamente sottoposti ad analisi degli isotopi stabili del carbonio e dell’azoto. La valutazione isotopica ha fornito nuove informazioni sull’alimentazione seguita dalle fasce sociali povere dell’antica Roma. Il consumo di risorse vegetali è stato rilevato a un livello inferiore rispetto a quanto suggerito dalla letteratura, mentre un ruolo chiave sembrano averlo avuto i cibi ricchi in proteine (provenienti da ambienti terrestri e acquatici). Inoltre, una significativa variabilità alimentare è stata rilevata sia all'interno delle comunità imperiali che tra di loro, suggerendo come l’alimentazione romana non dovrebbe essere considerata come un unicum. È stata poi rilevata una drastica transizione nutrizionale nell'antica Roma, testimoniando come il complesso periodo storico conseguente la caduta dell'impero abbia influenzato lo stile di vita dei suoi abitanti. In particolare abbiamo osservato un calo significativo nel consumo di alimenti ricchi in proteine e un calo nella variabilità alimentare nell'alto Medioevo, correlati all’impoverimento delle condizioni socio-economiche e alla crisi dell'economia romana, in particolare nel settore commerciale. Modelli nutrizionali differenti sono stati identificati in altre aree dell'Impero, evidenziando come lo stile di vita nel cuore dell'Impero fosse diverso da quello nelle aree lontane. Infine, un campione selezionato, in cui è stata identificata la presenza di una specifica patologia correlata all'alimentazione, è stato sottoposto ad analisi genomica. Questa valutazione ha aperto nuovi scenari riguardo la patologia di cui soffriva questo individuo, sottolineando come lo sviluppo di tecnologie di sequenziamento di nuova generazione consenta di approfondire la conoscenza della storia delle malattie nel passato.
Feeding the city: an insight into the nutritional status of ancient romans
VARANO, SARA
2018
Abstract
This project aims to contribute to broadening knowledge about lifestyle and health conditions in the ancient city of Rome through a wide paleonutritional survey among people living in Rome from the 1st to the 11th centuries CE. Primary sources about the lifestyle, society, and material culture of the inhabitants of ancient Rome are quite extensive, but the development of biomolecular techniques provided powerful tools capable to shed light on crucial aspects of the biological characteristics of this ancient human population. In particular, this study focused on the depiction of the dietary profile of ancient Romans because dietary patterns could be hypothesized as one of the most retained markers of the cultural identity of a population, while also providing information about the subsistence economy and the social organization of ancient societies. 393 human and 22 faunal remains were selected from 11 Imperial and postImperial necropoleis scattered through the Roman territory to be submitted to carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. The isotopic evaluation provided novel information about the diet of Roman commoners. Overall, the consumption of C3 plant resources was detected in lower mounts than suggested by the literature, while protein rich-food (from both terrestrial and freshwater environments) revealed to have played a significant role in the ancient Roman diet. Then, dietary variability was detected both among and within Imperial communities, suggesting as the diet of the Roman commoners should not to be considered as a single whole. Furthermore, a diachronic nutritional transition in ancient Rome was detected, highlighting that the complex historic period following the fall of the Empire influenced the lifestyle of the Romans. In particular we observed a significant drop in protein-rich food consumption and a drop in dietary variability in the early Middle Ages, probably related to the poor socioeconomic conditions of medieval Romans and to the crisis of the Roman economy, in particular the crisis of the trade system of the Imperial Rome. Then, different dietary patterns were found in other areas of the Empire, underlying that the lifestyle in the heart of the Empire was different from that in far areas. Lastly, genomic analysis was performed for a selected sample where a specific nutrition-related disease was identified. This evaluation opened new scenarios about the disease that affected this individual, underlying as the development of next generation sequencing technologies allows to the deepen our knowledge about the history of disease.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/304795
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-304795