This prospective observational study investigated the concordance of two methods—a chromogenic anti-Xa assay and LC-MS/MS—for quantifying plasma concentrations of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in a real-world emergency department (ED) setting. The study population comprised 80 patients (44 women, 36 men; median age 85 years) receiving chronic NOAC therapy (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, or rivaroxaban) who presented to the ED of the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia, Italy, between February 2024 and February 2025. Patient characteristics, reasons for ED admission (including coagulation disorders and trauma), and time since last NOAC intake were documented. Blood samples were collected upon arrival at the ED for DOAC level determination using both the chromogenic assay at the Policlinico San Matteo and the LC-MS/MS method at the Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes toxicology laboratory. The primary objective was to determine the concordance between the two methods in this unselected ED population. Secondary objectives included: 1) therapeutic drug monitoring of chronic NOAC users; 2) analysis of ED visit frequency for coagulation disorders in subgroups based on DOAC levels; and 3) assessment of the association between DOAC levels and the reason for ED presentation (i.e., thrombotic events in under-dosed patients vs. bleeding in over-dosed patients). Statistical analyses included the Fleiss Kappa statistic for inter-method agreement and multivariate logistic regression to determine associations between DOAC levels, various laboratory parameters (including INR, PT, aPTT, creatinine, eGFR, and ALT), and reason for ED presentation. The results revealed considerable variability in DOAC plasma levels. Across all DOACs, 67.09% of samples exceeded the therapeutic range based on the chromogenic method, while 51.25% did so according to the LC-MS/MS method. This high prevalence of supratherapeutic levels, however, is likely influenced by the real-world nature of the ED population and the variability in time since the last dose and medication adherence. The inter-method agreement, as measured by the Fleiss Kappa statistic, ranged from poor (rivaroxaban and dabigatran) to fair (apixaban and edoxaban). This variability underscores the limitations of the chromogenic method, especially at concentrations exceeding the therapeutic range, as noted in previous studies (e.g. Douxfils et al., 2013). The LC-MS/MS method, while considered the gold standard, may not be practically feasible in all clinical settings. Statistically significant correlations were observed between supratherapeutic DOAC levels (by both methods) and elevated INR, PT, and aPTT values, consistent with the known effects of DOAC overdose on coagulation parameters. However, no significant correlations were found between DOAC levels and reasons for ED presentation (e.g., bleeding or thrombotic events). This lack of correlation may reflect the limitations of the study sample size and the heterogeneity of the ED population. Despite the observed high incidence of supratherapeutic DOAC levels, only one patient died, and this was unrelated to bleeding or ischemic events. This may suggest a significant safety margin for supratherapeutic levels or may be explained by the unselected, real-world nature of the study population. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in a larger and more diverse population, using validated TDM protocols. A future direction could be the development of a clinical decision-support tool to identify patients who require DOAC therapeutic monitoring based on readily accessible clinical data and patient characteristics. Such a tool may optimize the use of therapeutic monitoring for this class of medications.
Questo studio osservazionale prospettico ha esaminato la concordanza di due metodi—un saggio cromogenico anti-Xa e la LC-MS/MS—per la quantificazione delle concentrazioni plasmatiche di anticoagulanti orali nuovi (NOACs) in un contesto reale di pronto soccorso (PS). La popolazione dello studio comprendeva 80 pazienti (44 donne, 36 uomini; età mediana 85 anni) in terapia cronica con NOAC (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban o rivaroxaban) che si sono presentati al PS dell'IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo di Pavia, Italia, tra febbraio 2024 e febbraio 2025. Sono state documentate le caratteristiche dei pazienti, le motivazioni per il ricovero in PS (inclusi disturbi della coagulazione e trauma) e il tempo trascorso dall'ultima assunzione di NOAC. I campioni di sangue sono stati raccolti all'arrivo al PS per determinare i livelli di DOAC utilizzando sia il metodo cromogenico presso il Policlinico San Matteo, sia il metodo LC-MS/MS presso il laboratorio di tossicologia degli Istituti Clinico Scientifici Maugeri. L'obiettivo primario era determinare la concordanza tra i due metodi in questa popolazione non selezionata di pazienti del PS. Gli obiettivi secondari includevano: 1) il monitoraggio terapeutico dei pazienti in terapia cronica con NOAC; 2) l'analisi della frequenza delle visite in PS per disturbi della coagulazione nei sottogruppi in base ai livelli di DOAC; e 3) la valutazione dell'associazione tra i livelli di DOAC e la motivazione per la presentazione in PS (cioè eventi trombotici in pazienti con dosaggio insufficiente vs. sanguinamenti in pazienti con dosaggio eccessivo). Le analisi statistiche hanno incluso la statistica Fleiss Kappa per l'accordo inter-metodo e la regressione logistica multivariata per determinare le associazioni tra i livelli di DOAC, vari parametri di laboratorio (inclusi INR, PT, aPTT, creatinina, eGFR e ALT) e il motivo per cui i pazienti si sono presentati al PS. I risultati hanno mostrato una notevole variabilità nei livelli plasmatici di DOAC. Per tutti i DOAC, il 67,09% dei campioni ha superato il range terapeutico secondo il metodo cromogenico, mentre il 51,25% ha fatto lo stesso secondo il metodo LC-MS/MS. Tuttavia, questa alta prevalenza di livelli supra-terapeutici è probabilmente influenzata dalla natura "reale" della popolazione del PS e dalla variabilità del tempo trascorso dall'ultima dose e dall'aderenza al trattamento. L'accordo inter-metodo, misurato tramite la statistica Fleiss Kappa, è variato da scarso (rivaroxaban e dabigatran) a discreto (apixaban e edoxaban). Questa variabilità sottolinea i limiti del metodo cromogenico, soprattutto a concentrazioni superiori al range terapeutico, come osservato in studi precedenti (ad esempio Douxfils et al., 2013). Il metodo LC-MS/MS, pur essendo considerato lo standard d'oro, potrebbe non essere praticabile in tutti i contesti clinici. Sono state osservate correlazioni statisticamente significative tra i livelli supra-terapeutici di DOAC (con entrambi i metodi) e valori elevati di INR, PT e aPTT, coerenti con gli effetti noti del sovradosaggio di DOAC sui parametri della coagulazione. Tuttavia, non sono state trovate correlazioni significative tra i livelli di DOAC e i motivi della presentazione in PS (ad esempio, sanguinamenti o eventi trombotici). Questa mancanza di correlazione potrebbe riflettere i limiti delle dimensioni del campione dello studio e l'eterogeneità della popolazione del PS. Nonostante l'alta incidenza di livelli supra-terapeutici di DOAC osservata, solo un paziente è deceduto, e ciò non era legato a sanguinamenti o eventi ischemici. Questo potrebbe suggerire un ampio margine di sicurezza per i livelli supra-terapeutici o potrebbe essere spiegato dalla natura non selezionata e reale della popolazione dello studio. È necessaria ulteriore ricerca per confermare questi risultati su una popolazione più ampia e diversificata, utilizzando protocolli di TDM convalidati.
Monitoraggio concentrazione plasmatica nuovi anticoagulanti orali sulla popolazione afferente al Pronto Soccorso: confronto tra due metodiche e interpretazione clinica, studio prospettico osservazional e
SCHICCHI, AZZURRA
2025
Abstract
This prospective observational study investigated the concordance of two methods—a chromogenic anti-Xa assay and LC-MS/MS—for quantifying plasma concentrations of novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in a real-world emergency department (ED) setting. The study population comprised 80 patients (44 women, 36 men; median age 85 years) receiving chronic NOAC therapy (apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, or rivaroxaban) who presented to the ED of the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia, Italy, between February 2024 and February 2025. Patient characteristics, reasons for ED admission (including coagulation disorders and trauma), and time since last NOAC intake were documented. Blood samples were collected upon arrival at the ED for DOAC level determination using both the chromogenic assay at the Policlinico San Matteo and the LC-MS/MS method at the Maugeri Clinical Scientific Institutes toxicology laboratory. The primary objective was to determine the concordance between the two methods in this unselected ED population. Secondary objectives included: 1) therapeutic drug monitoring of chronic NOAC users; 2) analysis of ED visit frequency for coagulation disorders in subgroups based on DOAC levels; and 3) assessment of the association between DOAC levels and the reason for ED presentation (i.e., thrombotic events in under-dosed patients vs. bleeding in over-dosed patients). Statistical analyses included the Fleiss Kappa statistic for inter-method agreement and multivariate logistic regression to determine associations between DOAC levels, various laboratory parameters (including INR, PT, aPTT, creatinine, eGFR, and ALT), and reason for ED presentation. The results revealed considerable variability in DOAC plasma levels. Across all DOACs, 67.09% of samples exceeded the therapeutic range based on the chromogenic method, while 51.25% did so according to the LC-MS/MS method. This high prevalence of supratherapeutic levels, however, is likely influenced by the real-world nature of the ED population and the variability in time since the last dose and medication adherence. The inter-method agreement, as measured by the Fleiss Kappa statistic, ranged from poor (rivaroxaban and dabigatran) to fair (apixaban and edoxaban). This variability underscores the limitations of the chromogenic method, especially at concentrations exceeding the therapeutic range, as noted in previous studies (e.g. Douxfils et al., 2013). The LC-MS/MS method, while considered the gold standard, may not be practically feasible in all clinical settings. Statistically significant correlations were observed between supratherapeutic DOAC levels (by both methods) and elevated INR, PT, and aPTT values, consistent with the known effects of DOAC overdose on coagulation parameters. However, no significant correlations were found between DOAC levels and reasons for ED presentation (e.g., bleeding or thrombotic events). This lack of correlation may reflect the limitations of the study sample size and the heterogeneity of the ED population. Despite the observed high incidence of supratherapeutic DOAC levels, only one patient died, and this was unrelated to bleeding or ischemic events. This may suggest a significant safety margin for supratherapeutic levels or may be explained by the unselected, real-world nature of the study population. Further research is needed to confirm these findings in a larger and more diverse population, using validated TDM protocols. A future direction could be the development of a clinical decision-support tool to identify patients who require DOAC therapeutic monitoring based on readily accessible clinical data and patient characteristics. Such a tool may optimize the use of therapeutic monitoring for this class of medications.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/307255
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPV-307255