Food packaging plays a fundamental role in the food sector, as it must ensure safety during transport, storage, and long-term preservation. It has become almost impossible to find a product on the market that is not packaged. The main issues related to food packaging concern its end-of-life and sustainability throughout the various stages of production. However, there are also challenges related to the use of synthetic materials to improve the characteristics of packaging, such as in the case of barrier multilayers or synthetic lacquers used for paper or cardboard packaging. The use of synthetic materials makes recycling or biodegradability difficult, and for these reasons, research is focusing on the use of bio-based, biodegradable, and easily recyclable materials. The PhD project aims to investigate different sustainable approaches to address the critical issues of food packaging. We focused on the most commonly used materials in the food industry: paper & cardboard, plastic packaging, and expanded plastic packaging. Paper and cardboard packaging present limitations and challenges related to the migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) from the packaging to the food, and to their poor barrier properties against gases, water, and food oils. To address these challenges, paper and cardboard packaging are lacquered and treated with synthetic materials. In recent years, research has shifted toward the use of bio-based coatings, among which cellulose-based coatings are the most widely used. For these reasons, we developed a suspension based on micro and nano-fibrillated cellulose to be used as a functionalizing coating to improve the barrier properties of packaging against gases and mineral and food oils. Additionally, the coating application method was studied, comparing a conventional coating method (bar coating) with an innovative method (spray coating). The results show that with both application methods, the commercial lacquered cardboard is significantly more effective as a barrier against MOH and food oils. Regarding expanded plastic packaging, such as expanded polystyrene (XPS) trays, despite the increased efficiency of collection and recycling systems, a significant fraction still does not enter these streams and ends up in PLASMIX, destined for incineration. This fraction includes XPS trays and dishes contaminated with food residues and exudates. Our work aims to replace these packaging materials with expanded bioplastic materials that could have a suitable end-of-life through recycling. The possible expansion technologies involve the use of chemical solvents (chemical expansion), which react to generate expanding gases, or the direct use of expanding gases such as CO2 or N2 (physical expansion). To maintain a green approach, we decided to create prototypes of expanded PHBV trays, using physical expansion, supplemented with PEG20, an additive to promote the formation of an open-cell structure, and an organic filler, such as hemp fibers, to facilitate the absorption of food exudates and improve the end-of-life. Additionally, the expanded PHBV prototypes were characterized and evaluated for their absorbent properties.
L’imballaggio alimentare ricopre un ruolo fondamentale nell’ambito del food, perché deve garantire la sicurezza nelle fasi di trasporto, stoccaggio, ma anche di conservazione nel tempo. È ormai diventato quasi impossibile trovare sul mercato un prodotto che non sia confezionato. Le principali problematiche legate agli imballaggi alimentari riguardano il loro fine vita e la sostenibilità nelle varie fasi di produzione. Tuttavia, esistono anche criticità legate all’utilizzo di materiali sintetici per migliorare le caratteristiche dell’imballaggio, come nel caso dei multistrato barriera o delle lacche sintetiche utilizzate per gli imballaggi in carta o cartone. L’utilizzo dei materiali sintetici rende difficoltoso il riciclo o la biodegradabilità e, per questi motivi, la ricerca si sta focalizzando sull’utilizzo di materiali biobased, biodegradabili e facilmente riciclabili. Lo scopo del progetto di dottorato è di investigare diversi approcci sostenibili per migliorare le criticità degli imballaggi alimentari, ci siamo focalizzati sui materiali più utilizzati nel mondo alimentare: carta & cartoncini, imballaggi in plastica e imballaggi in plastica espansa. Gli imballaggi in carta e cartoncino presentano limiti e criticità legati alla migrazione degli idrocarburi degli oli minerali (MOH) dal packaging all’alimento, alla scarsa barriera verso gas, acqua e oli alimentari. Per risolvere queste criticità, gli imballaggi in carta e cartone vengono laccati e trattati con materiali sintetici. Negli ultimi anni, la ricerca si è spostata verso l’utilizzo di coating biobased tra cui i più utilizzati a base di cellulosa. Per queste ragioni, abbiamo sviluppato una sospensione a base di micro e nano fibrille di cellulosa da utilizzare come coating funzionalizzante per migliorare la barriera degli imballaggi verso i gas e gli oli minerali e alimentari. Inoltre, è stato studiato anche il metodo di applicazione del coating, confrontando un metodo di coating convenzionale (bar coating) con un metodo innovativo (spray coating). I risultati ottenuti mostrano che, con entrambi i metodi applicativi, il cartoncino commerciale laccato risulta essere significativamente più barriera verso i MOH e gli oli alimentari. Per quanto riguarda gli imballaggi in plastica espansa, quali ad esempio le vaschette di polistirene espanso (XPS), nonostante sia cresciuta l’efficienza dei sistemi di raccolta e riciclo, esiste ancora una frazione rilevante che non rientra in questi flussi e finisce nel PLASMIX, destinata all’inceneritore. In questa frazione rientrano le vaschette e i vassoi in XPS contaminati da residui ed essudati alimentari. Il nostro lavoro mira a sostituire questi imballaggi con materiali bioplastici espansi che potrebbero avere un adeguato fine vita nel riciclo. Le possibili tecnologie di espansione prevedono l’utilizzo di solventi chimici (espansione chimica), che reagiscono generando gas espandenti, o l’utilizzo diretto di gas espandenti come CO2 o N2 (espansione fisica). Per mantenere la linea dell’approccio green, abbiamo deciso di realizzare dei prototipi di vaschette di PHBV espanso, attraverso espansione fisica, addizionati di PEG20, un additivo per promuovere la formazione di una struttura a celle aperte, e di un filler organico, come le fibre di canapa, per favorire l’assorbimento degli essudati alimentari e migliorare il fine vita. Inoltre, i prototipi di PHBV espanso sono stati caratterizzati e valutati per il loro potere assorbente.
Approcci green per sistemi di imballaggio alimentare più sostenibili
FEROCE, ANDREA
2025
Abstract
Food packaging plays a fundamental role in the food sector, as it must ensure safety during transport, storage, and long-term preservation. It has become almost impossible to find a product on the market that is not packaged. The main issues related to food packaging concern its end-of-life and sustainability throughout the various stages of production. However, there are also challenges related to the use of synthetic materials to improve the characteristics of packaging, such as in the case of barrier multilayers or synthetic lacquers used for paper or cardboard packaging. The use of synthetic materials makes recycling or biodegradability difficult, and for these reasons, research is focusing on the use of bio-based, biodegradable, and easily recyclable materials. The PhD project aims to investigate different sustainable approaches to address the critical issues of food packaging. We focused on the most commonly used materials in the food industry: paper & cardboard, plastic packaging, and expanded plastic packaging. Paper and cardboard packaging present limitations and challenges related to the migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) from the packaging to the food, and to their poor barrier properties against gases, water, and food oils. To address these challenges, paper and cardboard packaging are lacquered and treated with synthetic materials. In recent years, research has shifted toward the use of bio-based coatings, among which cellulose-based coatings are the most widely used. For these reasons, we developed a suspension based on micro and nano-fibrillated cellulose to be used as a functionalizing coating to improve the barrier properties of packaging against gases and mineral and food oils. Additionally, the coating application method was studied, comparing a conventional coating method (bar coating) with an innovative method (spray coating). The results show that with both application methods, the commercial lacquered cardboard is significantly more effective as a barrier against MOH and food oils. Regarding expanded plastic packaging, such as expanded polystyrene (XPS) trays, despite the increased efficiency of collection and recycling systems, a significant fraction still does not enter these streams and ends up in PLASMIX, destined for incineration. This fraction includes XPS trays and dishes contaminated with food residues and exudates. Our work aims to replace these packaging materials with expanded bioplastic materials that could have a suitable end-of-life through recycling. The possible expansion technologies involve the use of chemical solvents (chemical expansion), which react to generate expanding gases, or the direct use of expanding gases such as CO2 or N2 (physical expansion). To maintain a green approach, we decided to create prototypes of expanded PHBV trays, using physical expansion, supplemented with PEG20, an additive to promote the formation of an open-cell structure, and an organic filler, such as hemp fibers, to facilitate the absorption of food exudates and improve the end-of-life. Additionally, the expanded PHBV prototypes were characterized and evaluated for their absorbent properties.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/307546
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-307546