This doctoral research project is the result of a scientific collaboration between the Department of Life Sciences (Food Microbiology Laboratory) of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Acetaia San Giacomo company, initiated in 2014. The collaboration aims at introducing innovation in conventional vinegars productions as well as to evaluate new processing and products within the portfolio developed and marketed by Acetaia San Giacomo company. This thesis examines two primary product categories offered by the company: wine vinegars (raw products) and balsamic condiments (cooked products). Wine vinegars are produced through a slow surface static oxidation process, with fermentation occurring at room temperature and without forced aeration, differentiating it from submerged methods. Balsamic condiments employ a similar production technique after subjecting the fresh must to thermal treatment (80°C for approximately 24 hours) to achieve the desired sugar concentration. This research investigates both products obtained by raw must and those subjected to thermal treatment, focusing on the parameters primarily modified, the microflora, and the changes in the aromatic profile of the resulting products. To achieve this goals, chemical-physical and analytical parameters, including pH, titratable acidity, °Brix, sugar content, ethanol, and organic acids, were monitored at each production stage. Concurrently, microbiological studies were performed to check the microbial components, including the isolation and characterization of strains along production stages. An additional phase of the study addressed process innovation through a prolonged oxidation of alcoholic intermediates to evaluate potential differences in the aromatic profile of the final product. The assumption at the basis of this latter investigation was that oxidation as a chemical process that can strongly affect the aroma, flavor, and overall quality of products. This phenomenon occurs when alcoholic products, like wine, are exposed to oxygen, which interacts with the compounds present in the wine. In certain kind of white and fortified wines, such as Marsala or Sherry, controlled oxidation contributes to the development of complex aroma, such as notes of hazelnut, caramel, and dried fruit. This particular sensorial pattern is related to the presence of aromatic compounds documented in the existing literature, notably acetaldehyde, but also including butanediol, diacetyl, acetoin, and sotolon. In this study, the products obtained placing both cooked and raw wines in a sealed container (to prevent microbial growth) and maintained at room temperature for 12 months were studied. Overall, this research establishes a comprehensive foundation for exploring the raw materials used by Acetaia San Giacomo company, the resulting products, and the employed processing strategies. The experimental analysis has proven essential in supporting the company’s ongoing efforts to integrate the intrinsic tradition of its products with scientific research and technological innovation.
Il presente lavoro di Dottorato di Ricerca è il risultato di una collaborazione scientifica tra il Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita (Laboratorio di Microbiologia Alimentare) dell'Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e l'azienda Acetaia San Giacomo, che ha avuto inizio nel 2014. Tale collaborazione mira a introdurre innovazioni nella produzione di aceti convenzionali e a valutare nuovi processi e prodotti all'interno del portfolio sviluppato e commercializzato dall'azienda Acetaia San Giacomo. In questo progetto di tesi si esaminano due categorie principali di prodotti offerti dall'azienda: aceti di vino (prodotti crudi) e condimenti balsamici (prodotti cotti). Gli aceti di vino vengono prodotti attraverso un lento processo di ossidazione statica superficiale, con fermentazione che avviene a temperatura ambiente e senza aerazione forzata, differenziandosi dal metodo sommerso. I condimenti balsamici seguono lo stesso metodo produttivo, non prima di aver applicato un trattamento termico al mosto fresco di partenza (80°C per circa 24h) fino al raggiungimento della concentrazione zuccherina desiderata. Questa ricerca indaga sia su prodotti ottenuti da mosto crudo che su quelli sottoposti a trattamento termico, concentrandosi sui parametri principalmente modificati, sulla microflora e sui cambiamenti nel profilo aromatico dei prodotti derivanti. Per raggiungere questi obiettivi, sono stati monitorati i parametri chimico-fisici ed analitici, tra cui pH, acidità titolabile, °Brix, contenuto di zucchero, etanolo e acidi organici, in ogni fase della produzione. Contemporaneamente, sono state eseguite analisi microbiologiche per identificare i composti microbici presenti, oltre all'isolamento e alla caratterizzazione dei ceppi lungo tutte le fasi di produzione. Una fase ulteriore dello studio appena descritto si focalizzata sull'innovazione di processo attraverso l'ossidazione prolungata degli intermedi alcolici, per valutare eventuali differenze sensoriali nel profilo aromatico dei prodotti finali. Il principio alla base di questa indagine considera il fatto che l'ossidazione, intesa come processo chimico, possa influenzare fortemente l'aroma, il sapore e la qualità complessiva dei prodotti. Questo fenomeno si verifica quando i prodotti alcolici, come il vino, sono esposti all’azione dell’ossigeno, che interagisce con le molecole presenti. In alcuni tipi di vini bianchi e fortificati, come il Marsala o lo Sherry, l'ossidazione controllata contribuisce alla formazione di aromi complessi, come note di nocciola, caramello e frutta secca. Questo particolare profilo sensoriale è correlato alla presenza di composti aromatici documentati nella letteratura esistente, in particolare l'acetaldeide, comprendendo anche butandiolo, diacetile, acetoino e sotolone. In questo studio, sono stati esaminati i prodotti ottenuti collocando sia i vini cotti che i vini crudi all’interno di un contenitore sigillato (al fine di evitare l’insorgenza di microrganismi), mantenendoli a temperatura ambiente per 12 mesi. Complessivamente, il presente lavoro di ricerca si pone come base per un’analisi completa sulle materie prime utilizzate dall’azienda Acetaia San Giacomo, nonché sui prodotti ottenuti a partire da tali materie prime e sulle strategie di processo applicate. L'analisi sperimentale si è rivelata essenziale nel supportare l'azienda nel suo impegno costante a combinare la tradizione intrinseca dei suoi prodotti con la ricerca scientifica e l'innovazione tecnologica.
Prodotti crudi e cotti fermentati in regime statico: studio comparativo di aceti e condimenti
CATELLANI, LISA
2025
Abstract
This doctoral research project is the result of a scientific collaboration between the Department of Life Sciences (Food Microbiology Laboratory) of the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia and Acetaia San Giacomo company, initiated in 2014. The collaboration aims at introducing innovation in conventional vinegars productions as well as to evaluate new processing and products within the portfolio developed and marketed by Acetaia San Giacomo company. This thesis examines two primary product categories offered by the company: wine vinegars (raw products) and balsamic condiments (cooked products). Wine vinegars are produced through a slow surface static oxidation process, with fermentation occurring at room temperature and without forced aeration, differentiating it from submerged methods. Balsamic condiments employ a similar production technique after subjecting the fresh must to thermal treatment (80°C for approximately 24 hours) to achieve the desired sugar concentration. This research investigates both products obtained by raw must and those subjected to thermal treatment, focusing on the parameters primarily modified, the microflora, and the changes in the aromatic profile of the resulting products. To achieve this goals, chemical-physical and analytical parameters, including pH, titratable acidity, °Brix, sugar content, ethanol, and organic acids, were monitored at each production stage. Concurrently, microbiological studies were performed to check the microbial components, including the isolation and characterization of strains along production stages. An additional phase of the study addressed process innovation through a prolonged oxidation of alcoholic intermediates to evaluate potential differences in the aromatic profile of the final product. The assumption at the basis of this latter investigation was that oxidation as a chemical process that can strongly affect the aroma, flavor, and overall quality of products. This phenomenon occurs when alcoholic products, like wine, are exposed to oxygen, which interacts with the compounds present in the wine. In certain kind of white and fortified wines, such as Marsala or Sherry, controlled oxidation contributes to the development of complex aroma, such as notes of hazelnut, caramel, and dried fruit. This particular sensorial pattern is related to the presence of aromatic compounds documented in the existing literature, notably acetaldehyde, but also including butanediol, diacetyl, acetoin, and sotolon. In this study, the products obtained placing both cooked and raw wines in a sealed container (to prevent microbial growth) and maintained at room temperature for 12 months were studied. Overall, this research establishes a comprehensive foundation for exploring the raw materials used by Acetaia San Giacomo company, the resulting products, and the employed processing strategies. The experimental analysis has proven essential in supporting the company’s ongoing efforts to integrate the intrinsic tradition of its products with scientific research and technological innovation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/307548
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-307548