Older adults have a higher risk of developing Multiple Chronic Conditions (MCC). In the United States, 70% of the population aged 65 or older has two or more chronic conditions, while in Europe, this percentage ranges from 24.7% to 51%. Chronic conditions’ care is typically carried out in home setting, by patients themselves and/or their family members; health professionals intervene only in case of flare-ups and in health education. Studies on single chronic diseases have demonstrated that self-care can enhance quality of life, decrease hospitalizations, and reduce mortality rates. However, literature regarding self-care among individuals with MCCs is limited, and even less is known about the role of informal caregivers in supporting self-care of MCC patients. Self-care and Caregiver Contribution (CC) to self-care can be influenced by several factors including patient and caregiver’ s sex and the dyads’ sex combination, but results of studies conducted in single chronic conditions are conflicting and there are no evidences regarding the influence of sex combination on self-care and CC to self-care in the context of MCCs. To fill these gaps, the present doctoral thesis aims to examine not only the individual patient and caregiver but also the patient-caregiver dyad as the unit of analysis. The objectives of this doctoral work are: (i) To describe and compare measures of generic and disease-specific self-care of patients with MCCs, focusing on self-care maintenance, monitoring, and management dimensions; (ii) To describe and compare the contribution of caregivers to generic and disease-specific self-care of elderly patients with MCCs, examining self-care maintenance, monitoring, and management dimensions; (iii) To investigate the influence of different sex combinations within patient-caregiver dyads on selfcare practices and caregiver contributions to self-care in the context of MCCs. Methods This doctoral thesis is based on several and fundamental theories: the Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care in Chronic Illness (Riegel et al., 2012), the Situation-Specific Theory of Caregiver Contributions to Heart Failure Self-Care (Vellone et al., 2019), the Interdependence Theory (Kelley and Thibaut, 1978), and Theory of Dyadic Illness Management (Lyons & Lee 2018). The present doctoral project is part of a longitudinal quantitative research study, called Self-care Of patient and caregiver DyAds in multiple chronic conditions: a LongITudinal studY (SODALITY), which aims to analyze the interdependence between patients and their informal 7 caregivers, called dyads, and to identify predictors and outcomes of self-care in patients, caregivers, and the dyad. Enrollment of dyads began in March 2017 and ended in December 2023. Several instruments were used for data collection in patients and their informal caregivers. Instruments developed on the Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care in Chronic Illness such as Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory, Self-Care of Heart Failure (HF) Index, Self-Care of Diabetes (DM) Inventory, and Self-Care of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Index were used to measure generic and disease-specific self-care behaviors. To measure caregiver contribution (CC) to generic and disease-specific self-care of MCCs, the caregiver versions of the aforementioned instruments were used: Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory, Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Heart Failure Index, Caregiver Contribution to Self-care of Diabetes Inventory, Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of COPD Inventory. Scores <70 are considered inadequate for all instruments to measure self-care and CC to self-care. An analysis of the data collected at Time 0 in the SODALITY Study was conducted using descriptive and correlational statistics, multivariate analysis of covariance for nonindependent data. Results A total of 896 patient-caregiver dyads were enrolled. Regarding self-care maintenance, we found inadequate generic self-care behaviors in patients with HF, DM, COPD and other chronic conditions, and inadequate disease-specific behaviors of patients with HF, COPD and other chronic conditions. Generic self-care monitoring behaviors were adequate while diseasespecific behaviors were inadequate in patient with HF, DM and COPD and other conditions. Finally, generic and disease-specific self-care management behaviors in HF, DM and COPD and other chronic conditions were inadequate. Regarding CC to generic self-care maintenance, it was inadequate in DM and COPD patients, and also CC to disease-specific self-care in HF and COPD was inadequate. In selfcare monitoring, caregivers reported adequate contributions to generic self-care and inadequate contributions to disease-specific self-care in HF, DM, COPD and other conditions. CC to Generic self-care management was inadequate in DM and COPD patients while disease-specific CC was inadequate also in patient with HF and other chronic conditions. Caregiver sex and the combination of patient and caregiver sex in the dyad were significantly associated with self-care and caregiver contribution to self-care. We found a significant effect of caregiver sex on caregiver contribution to self-care monitoring. Specifically, female caregivers showed significantly better behaviors of contribution to self-care monitoring than male caregivers. No significant association were found respect to the patient's sex. The 8 combination in the dyad of patient and caregiver sex was significantly associated with self-care maintenance. Male patients cared for by female caregivers reported better self-care maintenance behaviors than female patients cared for by male caregivers and female caregivers. Conclusion The results presented in this doctoral thesis are innovative in several reasons: first, they are the first to simultaneously document and compare self-care and CC behaviours to generic and disease-specific self-care in patients with HF, DM, COPD and other chronic conditions and their caregivers. In addition, they are the first to demonstrate how the sex combination of the dyad can influence the management of multiple chronic conditions. The results provide useful knowledge for health professionals that could be applied in the care of patients with MCCs and their caregivers. Longitudinal analysis of the data will further contribute to the science of patient-caregiver dyads and provide useful information for clinical practice.
Le persone anziane sono maggiormente affette da Malattie Croniche Multiple (MCM). Negli Stati Uniti, il 70% della popolazione di età superiore a 65 anni presenta due o più condizioni croniche. In Europa la percentuale di persone anziane con MCM varia dal 24.7% al 51%. La maggior parte della cura e della gestione delle malattie croniche viene svolta nel contesto domiciliare, da parte dei pazienti stessi e/o dai loro familiari; i professionisti sanitari intervengono solo in caso di riacutizzazioni e nell’educazione sanitaria. Studi condotti sulle singole malattie croniche hanno dimostrato che un adeguato selfcare può migliorare la qualità di vita, ridurre le ospedalizzazioni e la mortalità. Poco si conosce, invece, sul self-care delle persone affette da malattie croniche multiple e ancor meno sul contributo dei caregiver informali al self-care del paziente affetto da MCM. Il self-care e il contributo del caregiver (CC) al self-care possono essere influenzati da diversi fattori, tra cui il sesso del paziente, del caregiver e della diade, ma i risultati degli studi condotti nel contesto delle singole patologie croniche sono contrastanti e non ci sono evidenze sull'influenza del sesso sul self-care e sul CC al self-care nel contesto delle MCM. ll presente lavoro dottorale nasce con l’intento di colmare queste lacune e lo fa’ considerando come unità di analisi non solo il paziente ed il caregiver ma anche la diade paziente-caregiver. Gli obiettivi del presente lavoro dottorale sono: (i) descrivere e confrontare le misure di self-care generiche e malattia-specifiche nei pazienti con MCM nelle dimensioni di self-care maintenance, monitoring e management; (ii) descrivere e confrontare il CC al self-care generico e malattia-specifico dei pazienti anziani affetti da MCM nelle dimensioni di self-care maintenance, monitoring e management e (iii) indagare l'influenza delle combinazioni del sesso della diade paziente-caregiver sul self-care e sul CC al self-care nelle MCM. Materiali e metodi Le principali teorie che hanno guidato il lavoro dottorale sono state: la Teoria a Medio Raggio del Self-Care delle Malattie Croniche (Riegel et al., 2012), la Teoria del Contributo del Caregiver al Self-Care nello Scompenso Cardiaco (Vellone et al., 2019), la Teoria dell'Interdipendenza (Kelley e Thibaut, 1978) e la Teoria della Gestione Diadica della malattia (Lyons & Lee 2018). Il presente progetto dottorale rientra in uno studio di ricerca quantitativo longitudinale, denominato Self-care Of patient and caregiver DyAds in multiple chronic conditions: a LongITudinal studY (SODALITY), il cui intento è analizzare l’interdipendenza tra 10 i pazienti ed i loro caregiver informali, detti diade, e identificare predittori ed esiti di self-care nei pazienti, nei caregiver e nella diade. L'arruolamento delle diadi è iniziato a Marzo 2017 ed è terminato nel dicembre 2023. Una ricca batteria di strumenti è stata utilizzata per la raccolta dati nei pazienti e nei relativi caregiver informali. Per misurare i comportamenti di self-care generici e specifici sono stati utilizzati strumenti sviluppati sulla teoria a medio raggio del self care delle malattie croniche quali Self‐Care of Chronic Illness Inventory, Self‐Care of Heart Failure Index, Self‐ Care of Diabetes Inventory e Self‐Care of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Index. Per misurare il contributo del caregiver (CC) al self-care generico e specifico delle MCM sono state utilizzate le versioni caregiver degli strumenti sopra menzionati: Caregiver Contribution to Self‐Care of Chronic Illness Inventory, Caregiver Contribution to Self‐Care of Heart Failure Index, Caregiver Contribution to Self‐care of Diabetes Inventory, Caregiver Contribution to Self‐Care of COPD Inventory. Punteggi di self-care e di CC al self-care inferiori a 70 sono considerati inadeguati per tutti gli strumenti di misura utilizzati. Un’analisi dei dati raccolti a Tempo 0 dello studio SODALITY è stata condotta utilizzando la statistica descrittiva e correlazionale, l’analisi multivariata della covarianza per dati non-indipendenti. Risultati Sono state arruolate complessivamente 896 diadi paziente-caregiver. Riguardo il selfcare maintenance sono risultati inadeguati i comportamenti generici nello SC, nel DM e nella BPCO ed altre cronicità, e quelli malattia-specifici nello SC, nella BPCO ed altre cronicità. I comportamenti generici di self-care monitoring risultavano adeguati mentre quelli malattiaspecifici erano inadeguati per lo SC, il DM e la BPCO ed altre cronicità. Infine, risultavano inadeguati i comportamenti generici e malattia-specifici di self-care management nello SC, nel DM e nella BPCO associati ad altre cronicità. Riguardo il CC generico al self-care maintenance, è risultato inadeguato nel DM e nella BPCO ed altre cronicità, mentre quello malattia-specifico nello SC e BPCO ed altre cronicità. Nel self-care monitoring, i caregiver riportavano adeguati contributi al self-care generico e inadeguati contributi al self-care malattia specifico nello SC, nel DM, nella BPCO ed altre cronicità. Il CC generico al self-care management è risultato inadeguato nel DM e nella BPCO ed altre cronicità mentre quello malattia-specifico lo era anche nello SC ed altre cronicità. 11 Il sesso del caregiver e la combinazione del sesso del paziente e del caregiver nella diade sono risultati significativamente associati al self-care e al contributo del caregiver al self-care. È emerso un effetto significativo del sesso del caregiver sul suo contributo al self-care monitoring. Nello specifico, i caregiver di sesso femminile mostravano comportamenti di contributo al self-care monitoring significativamente migliori rispetto ai caregiver di sesso maschile. Nessuna associazione significativa è emersa rispetto al sesso del paziente. La combinazione nella diade del sesso del paziente e del caregiver è risultata significativamente associata al self-care maintenance. I pazienti maschi assistiti da caregiver di sesso femminile riportavano migliori comportamenti di self-care maintenance rispetto a pazienti femmine assistiti da caregiver maschi e da caregiver femmina. Conclusioni I risultati presentati in questo lavoro dottorale sono innovativi per vari aspetti: in primo luogo sono i primi a documentare e confrontare simultaneamente i comportamenti di self-care e di CC al self-care generico e malattia-specifico nei pazienti affetti da SC, DM, BPCO e altre condizioni croniche e nei relativi caregiver. Inoltre, sono i primi a dimostrare come la combinazione del sesso della diade possa influenzare la gestione delle malattie croniche multiple. I risultati forniscono conoscenze utili ai professionisti sanitari che potrebbero essere applicate nella cura dei pazienti con MCM e dei loro caregiver. L'analisi longitudinali dei dati darà un ulteriore contributo alla scienza delle diadi paziente-caregiver e fornirà informazioni utili alla pratica clinica
Self-care, caregiver contribution to selfcare, and sex combination in patient-caregiver dyads in the context of multiple chronic conditions
ERBA, ILARIA
2023
Abstract
Older adults have a higher risk of developing Multiple Chronic Conditions (MCC). In the United States, 70% of the population aged 65 or older has two or more chronic conditions, while in Europe, this percentage ranges from 24.7% to 51%. Chronic conditions’ care is typically carried out in home setting, by patients themselves and/or their family members; health professionals intervene only in case of flare-ups and in health education. Studies on single chronic diseases have demonstrated that self-care can enhance quality of life, decrease hospitalizations, and reduce mortality rates. However, literature regarding self-care among individuals with MCCs is limited, and even less is known about the role of informal caregivers in supporting self-care of MCC patients. Self-care and Caregiver Contribution (CC) to self-care can be influenced by several factors including patient and caregiver’ s sex and the dyads’ sex combination, but results of studies conducted in single chronic conditions are conflicting and there are no evidences regarding the influence of sex combination on self-care and CC to self-care in the context of MCCs. To fill these gaps, the present doctoral thesis aims to examine not only the individual patient and caregiver but also the patient-caregiver dyad as the unit of analysis. The objectives of this doctoral work are: (i) To describe and compare measures of generic and disease-specific self-care of patients with MCCs, focusing on self-care maintenance, monitoring, and management dimensions; (ii) To describe and compare the contribution of caregivers to generic and disease-specific self-care of elderly patients with MCCs, examining self-care maintenance, monitoring, and management dimensions; (iii) To investigate the influence of different sex combinations within patient-caregiver dyads on selfcare practices and caregiver contributions to self-care in the context of MCCs. Methods This doctoral thesis is based on several and fundamental theories: the Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care in Chronic Illness (Riegel et al., 2012), the Situation-Specific Theory of Caregiver Contributions to Heart Failure Self-Care (Vellone et al., 2019), the Interdependence Theory (Kelley and Thibaut, 1978), and Theory of Dyadic Illness Management (Lyons & Lee 2018). The present doctoral project is part of a longitudinal quantitative research study, called Self-care Of patient and caregiver DyAds in multiple chronic conditions: a LongITudinal studY (SODALITY), which aims to analyze the interdependence between patients and their informal 7 caregivers, called dyads, and to identify predictors and outcomes of self-care in patients, caregivers, and the dyad. Enrollment of dyads began in March 2017 and ended in December 2023. Several instruments were used for data collection in patients and their informal caregivers. Instruments developed on the Middle-Range Theory of Self-Care in Chronic Illness such as Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory, Self-Care of Heart Failure (HF) Index, Self-Care of Diabetes (DM) Inventory, and Self-Care of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Index were used to measure generic and disease-specific self-care behaviors. To measure caregiver contribution (CC) to generic and disease-specific self-care of MCCs, the caregiver versions of the aforementioned instruments were used: Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory, Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of Heart Failure Index, Caregiver Contribution to Self-care of Diabetes Inventory, Caregiver Contribution to Self-Care of COPD Inventory. Scores <70 are considered inadequate for all instruments to measure self-care and CC to self-care. An analysis of the data collected at Time 0 in the SODALITY Study was conducted using descriptive and correlational statistics, multivariate analysis of covariance for nonindependent data. Results A total of 896 patient-caregiver dyads were enrolled. Regarding self-care maintenance, we found inadequate generic self-care behaviors in patients with HF, DM, COPD and other chronic conditions, and inadequate disease-specific behaviors of patients with HF, COPD and other chronic conditions. Generic self-care monitoring behaviors were adequate while diseasespecific behaviors were inadequate in patient with HF, DM and COPD and other conditions. Finally, generic and disease-specific self-care management behaviors in HF, DM and COPD and other chronic conditions were inadequate. Regarding CC to generic self-care maintenance, it was inadequate in DM and COPD patients, and also CC to disease-specific self-care in HF and COPD was inadequate. In selfcare monitoring, caregivers reported adequate contributions to generic self-care and inadequate contributions to disease-specific self-care in HF, DM, COPD and other conditions. CC to Generic self-care management was inadequate in DM and COPD patients while disease-specific CC was inadequate also in patient with HF and other chronic conditions. Caregiver sex and the combination of patient and caregiver sex in the dyad were significantly associated with self-care and caregiver contribution to self-care. We found a significant effect of caregiver sex on caregiver contribution to self-care monitoring. Specifically, female caregivers showed significantly better behaviors of contribution to self-care monitoring than male caregivers. No significant association were found respect to the patient's sex. The 8 combination in the dyad of patient and caregiver sex was significantly associated with self-care maintenance. Male patients cared for by female caregivers reported better self-care maintenance behaviors than female patients cared for by male caregivers and female caregivers. Conclusion The results presented in this doctoral thesis are innovative in several reasons: first, they are the first to simultaneously document and compare self-care and CC behaviours to generic and disease-specific self-care in patients with HF, DM, COPD and other chronic conditions and their caregivers. In addition, they are the first to demonstrate how the sex combination of the dyad can influence the management of multiple chronic conditions. The results provide useful knowledge for health professionals that could be applied in the care of patients with MCCs and their caregivers. Longitudinal analysis of the data will further contribute to the science of patient-caregiver dyads and provide useful information for clinical practice.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/307590
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA2-307590