The medicinal leech Hirudo verbana is a well-established model in immunology, regenerative biology, and ecotoxicology, making it suitable for assessing the impact of emerging pollutants such as micro- and nanoplastics (MPs, NPs). Its simple anatomy and reduced immune system allow detailed investigation of inflammatory and regenerative processes. This study examined the acute and chronic effects of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MPs and NPs in both injured and uninjured leeches. Fluorescent particles, administered at defined concentrations, were tracked by fluorescence and electron microscopy, confirming uptake, penetration, and subepithelial accumulation. Morphological and molecular analyses revealed significant tissue alterations, including angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and immune cell recruitment. Inflammatory activation was confirmed by upregulation of HmAIF-1, while oxidative stress was indicated by increased GST and SOD expression. These effects, particularly evident with PET, appeared early and persisted over time, suggesting that PET NPs elicit acute immune responses together with prolonged cellular stress and impaired regeneration. Further analysis of HvRNASET2, HmAIF-1, TGF-β, and SMAD highlighted how PP fragments hinder wound healing and promote fibrosis, with excessive extracellular matrix deposition limiting muscle repair, angiogenesis, and immune cell migration. Overall, this work clarifies the toxicological potential of MPs and NPs and confirms H. verbana as both an ethical alternative to vertebrate models and a sensitive bioindicator of freshwater ecosystems.
La sanguisuga medicinale Hirudo verbana è un modello sperimentale consolidato in immunologia, biologia rigenerativa ed ecotossicologia, ideale per studiare l’impatto di inquinanti emergenti come micro- e nanoplastiche (MP, NP). La sua anatomia semplice e il sistema immunitario ridotto consentono di analizzare in dettaglio i meccanismi infiammatori, immunologici e rigenerativi. In questo studio sono stati valutati gli effetti acuti e cronici di particelle di polipropilene (PP) e polietilene tereftalato (PET), in forma micro- e nano-, su animali feriti e illesi. Particelle fluorescenti, somministrate a concentrazioni definite, sono state identificate mediante microscopia a fluorescenza ed elettronica, mostrando penetrazione e accumulo subepiteliale. Le analisi morfologiche e molecolari hanno evidenziato alterazioni significative della fisiologia tissutale, con angiogenesi, vasculogenesi e reclutamento immunitario. L’attivazione infiammatoria è stata confermata dall’aumento di HmAIF-1, mentre la risposta a stress ossidativo è stata suggerita dalla sovraregolazione dei geni antiossidanti GST e SOD. Questi effetti indicano che NP di PET inducono attivazione immunitaria acuta e stress cellulare prolungato. Infine, l’analisi di HvRNASET2, HmAIF-1, TGF-β e SMAD ha mostrato come i frammenti di PP ostacolino la guarigione e favoriscano fibrosi, con eccessiva deposizione di matrice extracellulare. Lo studio chiarisce il potenziale tossicologico di MP e NP e conferma H. verbana come modello sensibile e versatile per la valutazione del rischio ambientale e come alternativa etica ai vertebrati.
Risposte infiammatorie e di guarigione delle ferite a micro- e nanoplastiche nella sanguisuga Hirudo verbana: un'analisi comparativa dell'esposizione acuta e cronica
BON, CAMILLA
2025
Abstract
The medicinal leech Hirudo verbana is a well-established model in immunology, regenerative biology, and ecotoxicology, making it suitable for assessing the impact of emerging pollutants such as micro- and nanoplastics (MPs, NPs). Its simple anatomy and reduced immune system allow detailed investigation of inflammatory and regenerative processes. This study examined the acute and chronic effects of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) MPs and NPs in both injured and uninjured leeches. Fluorescent particles, administered at defined concentrations, were tracked by fluorescence and electron microscopy, confirming uptake, penetration, and subepithelial accumulation. Morphological and molecular analyses revealed significant tissue alterations, including angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and immune cell recruitment. Inflammatory activation was confirmed by upregulation of HmAIF-1, while oxidative stress was indicated by increased GST and SOD expression. These effects, particularly evident with PET, appeared early and persisted over time, suggesting that PET NPs elicit acute immune responses together with prolonged cellular stress and impaired regeneration. Further analysis of HvRNASET2, HmAIF-1, TGF-β, and SMAD highlighted how PP fragments hinder wound healing and promote fibrosis, with excessive extracellular matrix deposition limiting muscle repair, angiogenesis, and immune cell migration. Overall, this work clarifies the toxicological potential of MPs and NPs and confirms H. verbana as both an ethical alternative to vertebrate models and a sensitive bioindicator of freshwater ecosystems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/354450
URN:NBN:IT:UNINSUBRIA-354450