This research investigates, from legislative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential perspectives, the reproduction of gender discrimination in the crimes of rape (estupro), abduction (rapt), and defloration (defloramento) in Brazil, through the legal protection of female honesty or modesty during the First Republic (1890-1930). The adopted methodological approach sought to verify the (re)production of gender discrimination in sexual crimes in Brazil, highlighting the apparent contradictions of the historical context in which they emerged and the convergences with Italian criminal-legal experiences. This analysis conceives comparative legal history as part of a broader history of juridical and contextual entanglements. Drawing on Mario Sbriccoli’s theorization of the dual level of legality that characterizes the “penal”, the study examines the existence of differentiated subjective treatment within sexual crimes, starting from the normative production of inter-gender and intra-gender discrimination. It also exposes the tensions between reformism and continuity, between the intention to “civilize” criminal law and the persistence of institutions, concepts, and stereotypes rooted in a centuries-old discriminatory tradition. As a case study, the decisions of the Superior Court of Justice of the State of Santa Catarina, headquartered in Florianópolis, were analysed to understand the extent of the entanglements among gender discriminations promoted by doctrine, legislation, and case law, and to situate them within the broader national framework.The 1890 Código Penal, while seeking to emancipate itself from earlier legal formulations, preserved moral traditions by introducing discriminatory legal categories such as ‘virgin woman’, ‘honest woman’, and ‘prostitute’. Legal doctrine further developed layers of discrimination based on specific gender roles, themselves rooted in narrow conceptions of female honesty. Italian penal scholarship also categorized women according to honesty, even in the absence of explicit legislative provisions, and such theoretical formulations were adopted and debated by Brazilian jurists. The gender differentiations present in the Código Penal, reproduced and expanded by doctrine, guided judges and generated additional levels of discrimination. Combined with class and racial labeling, these distinctions often produced mechanisms of secondary victimization, making the ascertainment of such crimes difficult or even impossible. In the State of Santa Catarina, trials for sexual crimes were guided by a dialectic of honesty, and the verification of the constitutive elements of the offenses did not follow a uniform reasoning, being conditioned by the assessment of the moral character of the parties involved. Even when magistrates sought to limit defamatory defense strategies, they did so paternalistically, drawing upon moral assumptions regarding the victim. The protection of sexual crimes, grounded in the safeguarding of female honesty, thus operated within a complex network characterized by multiple layers of discrimination. The intertwining of the various levels of the penal sphere revealed how all paths ultimately led back to ius commune, a legal tradition of moral origin, precise and well-defined. Producer of secondary victimization and based on apparently contradictory premises, this culture fed the “myths” of rape and remained consistent with the patriarchal and paternalistic legal protection extended to female victims, founded on a specific, centuries-old, and enduring ideal of sexual honesty.
La presente ricerca indaga, sul piano legislativo, dottrinale e giurisprudenziale, la riproduzione delle discriminazioni di genere nei reati di stupro (estupro), ratto (rapto) e deflorazione (defloramento) in Brasile, attraverso la tutela dell’onestà femminile nella Prima Repubblica (1890-1930). È stato adottato un orientamento metodologico volto a verificare la (ri)produzione delle discriminazioni di genere nei reati sessuali in Brasile, mettendo in luce le apparenti contraddizioni del contesto storico in cui esse si collocavano e le convergenze con le esperienze giuridico-penali italiane, considerando la storia comparata del diritto come parte di una storia di intrecci (entanglements) giuridico-contestuali. Muovendo dalle teorizzazioni di Mario Sbriccoli sul duplice livello di legalità che caratterizza il “penale”, si è analizzata l’esistenza di differenti livelli di trattamento soggettivo nell’ambito dei reati sessuali, a partire dalla produzione normativa di discriminazioni intergenere e intragenere. Sono stati inoltre messi in evidenza i conflitti tra riformismo e continuità, tra l’intenzione di “civilizzare” il diritto penale e la conservazione di istituti, concetti e stereotipi appartenenti a una tradizione secolare e discriminante. Come caso di studio, sono state esaminate le decisioni del Tribunale Superiore di Giustizia dello Stato di Santa Catarina, con sede nella città di Florianópolis, al fine di comprendere l’estensione degli intrecci tra le discriminazioni di genere promosse dalla dottrina, dalla legge e dalla giurisprudenza, ponendole in relazione con il più ampio panorama nazionale. Il Código Penal del 1890, pur cercando di emanciparsi dalle figure giuridiche del passato, mantenne vive tradizioni morali, introducendo, sul piano normativo, categorie giuridiche discriminatorie quali ‘donna vergine’, ‘donna onesta’ e ‘prostituta’. La dottrina elaborava ulteriori livelli di discriminazione, fondati su ruoli specifici di genere e, a loro volta, radicati in concezioni ristrette di onestà femminile. Anche la penalistica italiana categorizzava le donne in base all’onestà, pur in assenza di una disciplina legislativa specifica, e tali teorizzazioni venivano riprese e discusse dai giuristi brasiliani. Le differenziazioni di genere presenti nel Código Penal, riprodotte e sviluppate dalla dottrina, fungevano da guida per i giudici e conducevano alla produzione di ulteriori livelli di discriminazione. In combinazione con etichette di classe e di razza, esse si traducevano spesso in meccanismi di vittimizzazione secondaria, rendendo difficoltoso, se non impossibile, l’accertamento di tali reati. Nello Stato di Santa Catarina, i processi per reati sessuali si orientavano secondo una dialettica dell’onestà, e la verifica degli elementi costitutivi dei reati non seguiva un ragionamento uniforme, essendo condizionata dall’analisi dell’indole delle parti. Anche quando i magistrati cercavano di limitare le strategie difensive diffamatorie, lo facevano in modo paternalistico, muovendo da concezioni morali sulla vittima. La tutela dei reati sessuali, fondata sulla protezione dell’onestà femminile, si inseriva in una rete complessa, caratterizzata da molteplici livelli di discriminazione. L’intreccio dei diversi livelli del penale mostrava come tutto riconducesse al diritto comune, a una tradizione giuridica di matrice morale, precisa e ben definita. Produttrice di vittimizzazione secondaria e fondata su presupposti apparentemente contraddittori, tale cultura alimentava i “miti” dello stupro e si rivelava coerente con la protezione giuridico-patriarcale e paternalista rivolta alle vittime femminili, basata su uno specifico, secolare e persistente ideale di onestà sessuale.
LA TUTELA DELL¿ONESTÀ FEMMINILE NELLA DISCIPLINA DEI REATI SESSUALI IN BRASILE TRA MODERNIZZAZIONE E CONSERVAZIONE DELL¿ORDINE PATRIARCALE (1890-1930)
ZAPPELLINI SASSI, ANA PAULA
2026
Abstract
This research investigates, from legislative, doctrinal, and jurisprudential perspectives, the reproduction of gender discrimination in the crimes of rape (estupro), abduction (rapt), and defloration (defloramento) in Brazil, through the legal protection of female honesty or modesty during the First Republic (1890-1930). The adopted methodological approach sought to verify the (re)production of gender discrimination in sexual crimes in Brazil, highlighting the apparent contradictions of the historical context in which they emerged and the convergences with Italian criminal-legal experiences. This analysis conceives comparative legal history as part of a broader history of juridical and contextual entanglements. Drawing on Mario Sbriccoli’s theorization of the dual level of legality that characterizes the “penal”, the study examines the existence of differentiated subjective treatment within sexual crimes, starting from the normative production of inter-gender and intra-gender discrimination. It also exposes the tensions between reformism and continuity, between the intention to “civilize” criminal law and the persistence of institutions, concepts, and stereotypes rooted in a centuries-old discriminatory tradition. As a case study, the decisions of the Superior Court of Justice of the State of Santa Catarina, headquartered in Florianópolis, were analysed to understand the extent of the entanglements among gender discriminations promoted by doctrine, legislation, and case law, and to situate them within the broader national framework.The 1890 Código Penal, while seeking to emancipate itself from earlier legal formulations, preserved moral traditions by introducing discriminatory legal categories such as ‘virgin woman’, ‘honest woman’, and ‘prostitute’. Legal doctrine further developed layers of discrimination based on specific gender roles, themselves rooted in narrow conceptions of female honesty. Italian penal scholarship also categorized women according to honesty, even in the absence of explicit legislative provisions, and such theoretical formulations were adopted and debated by Brazilian jurists. The gender differentiations present in the Código Penal, reproduced and expanded by doctrine, guided judges and generated additional levels of discrimination. Combined with class and racial labeling, these distinctions often produced mechanisms of secondary victimization, making the ascertainment of such crimes difficult or even impossible. In the State of Santa Catarina, trials for sexual crimes were guided by a dialectic of honesty, and the verification of the constitutive elements of the offenses did not follow a uniform reasoning, being conditioned by the assessment of the moral character of the parties involved. Even when magistrates sought to limit defamatory defense strategies, they did so paternalistically, drawing upon moral assumptions regarding the victim. The protection of sexual crimes, grounded in the safeguarding of female honesty, thus operated within a complex network characterized by multiple layers of discrimination. The intertwining of the various levels of the penal sphere revealed how all paths ultimately led back to ius commune, a legal tradition of moral origin, precise and well-defined. Producer of secondary victimization and based on apparently contradictory premises, this culture fed the “myths” of rape and remained consistent with the patriarchal and paternalistic legal protection extended to female victims, founded on a specific, centuries-old, and enduring ideal of sexual honesty.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/354503
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-354503