The doctoral research regards the development of the Ravennate notation between the 11th and 12th centuries, with particular focus on the manner in which the indication of diastemacy (the pitch-relation between individual sounds) were integrated in the praxis of notating melodies. The thesis begins with an introduction to the research, to which follows – in Chapter Two – the definition of the analytical methodologies used to identify specific notational types. The Ravennate surviving sources from the late 10th to the 12th centuries show specific features that allow identifying a notational practice distinctive of Ravenna. The adiastematic notation is characterized by the horizontal arrangement of the neumes, a writing axis that tends to the right, and specific neumatic morphologies. The coexistence of these elements allows to circumscribe the Ravennate notation. Between the 11th and 12th centuries, the neumatic variety was progressively reduced, eliminating some of the earlier peculiar morphologies. The notation became more rigid, with stronger writing contrasts in a similar manner of forms of the square notation. This transformation affected also a different spatial organization of the neumes on the musical writing surface: the signs began to be placed according to a vertical axis, following the tonal hierarchy between pitches. The Third Chapter is analytic, examining the Ravenna notational typologies through the investigation of: spatial organization of the music writing, neumatic vocabulary, morphologies, the use of specific neumes and compound forms, neumatic segments, and melodic formulas. Based on the analysis of the sources, three main types of Ravennate notation have been identified: • adiastematic notation (late 10th – 11th century): characterized by the horizontal disposition of the writing, which does not allow for a visual inference of pitch relationships between sounds; by a fluid ductus; and by the use of a wide neumatic vocabulary, including various looped forms. • notation of diastematic tendency (late 11th – 12th century): characterized by a diastematic intention of the writing through the vertical arrangement of the neumes; the morphologies become more rigid, closer to the forms of the staff notation having more writing contrasts; initial reduction of the earlier neumatic variety (absence of quilisma signs and looped forms). • staff notation (12th century): characterized by the use of the Guidonian staff with dry-lines, two colored red and yellow for the semitone-steps F and C, letter clefs, and custos at the end of the line to indicate the first pitch on the following staff; the neumes present morphologies with high contrast, comparable to the later square notation. The analysis of these sources suggests a gradual integration of diastematic indications by the Ravennate scribes between the 11th and 12th centuries. The fourth chapter focuses on the comparative analysis, identifying affinities with contemporary notations and potential links. The comparisons indicate strong affinities with Bologna and, more specific, the Tuscan area. West-Frankish influences are also identified, along with some elements from Iberian notation, particularly in the resupine and looped forms. The fifth chapter provides an excursus on the historical-cultural dynamics underlying the development of Ravennate notation between the 11th and 12th centuries. This section describes the roles of the Ravennate archbishops (as Gerbert of Aurillac and Gebeardo), the impact of the Camaldolese reform of Romuald, the relationships between Teodaldo of Canossa and Guido of Arezzo, and the period of the conflicts between Ravenna and Rome.
Il presente progetto di dottorato si propone di indagare lo sviluppo della notazione musicale Ravennate tra XI e XII secolo. In particolare, la ricerca si focalizza sullo studio della graduale integrazione di indicazioni diastematiche (relative la precisa definizione visiva dell´altezza dei singoli suoni) da parte degli scribi nel corso dei due secoli. Dopo l´introduzione della ricerca descritta nel primo capitolo, la tesi si concentra sul definire le metodologie analitiche utilizzate nell´individuare specifiche tipologie notazionali. Le fonti Ravennate sopravvissute, databili dalla fine del X al XII secolo, presentano caratteristiche peculiari che consentono di identificare una pratica notazionale specifica di Ravenna. La scrittura adiastematica si distingue per l’organizzazione orizzontale dei neumi, l’inclinazione verso destra dell´angolo di scrittura, specifiche morfologie dei segni. La compresenza di tali elementi permette di delimitare la scrittura musicale Ravennate. Tra l´XI ed il XII secolo, il variegato vocabolario neumatico iniziale si ridusse progressivamente, abbandonando alcune morfologie utilizzate per indicare specificità di articolazione vocale della melodia. La scrittura divenne più rigida, con contrasti più marcati e prendendo sembianze simili alla notazione quadrata. Questa trasformazione interessò non solo il ductus scrittorio, ma altresì una diversa disposizione dei neumi nello spazio di scrittura musicale della notazione: i segni neumatici iniziarono ad essere posizionati secondo un´asse verticalizzata, seguendo la gerarchia tonale intercorsa tra un suono e l´altro. Il terzo capitolo ha carattere prettamente analitico, indagando le tipologie notazionali di Ravenna attraverso lo studio dell´organizzazione dello spazio di scrittura, del vocabolario neumatico, delle morfologie dei segni, dell´uso di neumi specifici e di forme composte, segmenti neumatici e formule melodiche. A seguito dell´analisi delle fonti, sono state individuate tre principali tipologie di notazione Ravennate: • notazione adiastematica (fine X – XI secolo): caratterizzata da una disposizione orizzontale della scrittura in modo da non permettere di inferire visivamente relazioni di altezza tra i suoni; da un ductus scorrevole, e dall´utilizzo di un´ampia gamma neumatica comprendente altresì varie forme ad occhiello; • notazione a tendenza diastematica (fine XI – XII secolo): caratterizzata da una intenzionalità diastematica più marcata attraverso la disposizione della scrittura seguendo un asse verticale; le morfologie neumatiche prendono sembianze più rigide, vicine alle forme dei neumi su rigo caratterizzati da un forte contrasto di scrittura; nonché inizia il processo di riduzione della varietà neumatica antecedente attraverso l´assenza di segni quilismatici e forme ad occhiello; • notazione su rigo (XII secolo): scrittura caratterizzata dall´uso del rigo guidoniano con linee tracciate a secco, delle quali due colorate in rosso e giallo per i salti semitonali di Fa e Do, lettere chiave e custos a fine rigo per indicare il primo suono del sistema di rigo sottostante; i neumi presentano morfologie marcate, con un elevato contrasto di scrittura assimilabile alla successiva notazione quadrata. L’analisi di queste fonti ha permesso di ipotizzare una graduale integrazione delle indicazioni diastematiche nella pratica notazionale Ravennate. Il quarto capitolo si concentra sull´esame comparativo delle notazioni, al fine di individuare affinità con scritture coeve e possibili legami. I confronti indicano forti legami con Bologna e, in maniera ancora più decisa, con l´area Toscana. Influenze West-Frankish sono state inoltre individuate, con alcuni influissi delle scritture ispaniche nelle forme di neumi resupini e ad occhiello. Il quinto capitolo contiene un excursus sulle dinamiche storico-culturali sottostanti lo sviluppo della scrittura ravennate tra XI e XII secolo.
Lo sviluppo diastematico della notazione Ravennate: l´impatto della diastemazia sulla notazione delle indicazioni performative.
FUSANI, ILARIA
2026
Abstract
The doctoral research regards the development of the Ravennate notation between the 11th and 12th centuries, with particular focus on the manner in which the indication of diastemacy (the pitch-relation between individual sounds) were integrated in the praxis of notating melodies. The thesis begins with an introduction to the research, to which follows – in Chapter Two – the definition of the analytical methodologies used to identify specific notational types. The Ravennate surviving sources from the late 10th to the 12th centuries show specific features that allow identifying a notational practice distinctive of Ravenna. The adiastematic notation is characterized by the horizontal arrangement of the neumes, a writing axis that tends to the right, and specific neumatic morphologies. The coexistence of these elements allows to circumscribe the Ravennate notation. Between the 11th and 12th centuries, the neumatic variety was progressively reduced, eliminating some of the earlier peculiar morphologies. The notation became more rigid, with stronger writing contrasts in a similar manner of forms of the square notation. This transformation affected also a different spatial organization of the neumes on the musical writing surface: the signs began to be placed according to a vertical axis, following the tonal hierarchy between pitches. The Third Chapter is analytic, examining the Ravenna notational typologies through the investigation of: spatial organization of the music writing, neumatic vocabulary, morphologies, the use of specific neumes and compound forms, neumatic segments, and melodic formulas. Based on the analysis of the sources, three main types of Ravennate notation have been identified: • adiastematic notation (late 10th – 11th century): characterized by the horizontal disposition of the writing, which does not allow for a visual inference of pitch relationships between sounds; by a fluid ductus; and by the use of a wide neumatic vocabulary, including various looped forms. • notation of diastematic tendency (late 11th – 12th century): characterized by a diastematic intention of the writing through the vertical arrangement of the neumes; the morphologies become more rigid, closer to the forms of the staff notation having more writing contrasts; initial reduction of the earlier neumatic variety (absence of quilisma signs and looped forms). • staff notation (12th century): characterized by the use of the Guidonian staff with dry-lines, two colored red and yellow for the semitone-steps F and C, letter clefs, and custos at the end of the line to indicate the first pitch on the following staff; the neumes present morphologies with high contrast, comparable to the later square notation. The analysis of these sources suggests a gradual integration of diastematic indications by the Ravennate scribes between the 11th and 12th centuries. The fourth chapter focuses on the comparative analysis, identifying affinities with contemporary notations and potential links. The comparisons indicate strong affinities with Bologna and, more specific, the Tuscan area. West-Frankish influences are also identified, along with some elements from Iberian notation, particularly in the resupine and looped forms. The fifth chapter provides an excursus on the historical-cultural dynamics underlying the development of Ravennate notation between the 11th and 12th centuries. This section describes the roles of the Ravennate archbishops (as Gerbert of Aurillac and Gebeardo), the impact of the Camaldolese reform of Romuald, the relationships between Teodaldo of Canossa and Guido of Arezzo, and the period of the conflicts between Ravenna and Rome.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/354830
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPV-354830