Summary Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. Durum Desf.) is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide and plays a crucial role in Tunisian agricultural systems. However, this cereal faces major threats, notably fungal diseases caused by pathogens of the Fusarium genus. Among these, Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and Fusarium Crown Rot (FCR) stand out for their considerable impact on crop yield, grain quality and stubble quality. These diseases not only cause production losses, but also the accumulation of mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites to human and animal health, thus compromising the marketability and the safety of the foodstuff. The geographical distribution of Fusarium species is influenced by climate, temperature, and humidity, affecting their prevalence, pathogenicity, and mycotoxin production. Climate change may alter these dynamics, highlighting the need for in-depth studies on their regional diversity and crop interactions. The first objective of this thesis was to study the geographical distribution of Fusarium species responsible for FHB and FCR of wheat in Tunisia, as well as their ability to produce mycotoxins. Focusing on the country's main cereal-growing areas, this research made it possible to map the presence of the various species and relate their toxigenic profile to local agro-ecological conditions (Chapter II). Secondly, the impact of infection by Fusarium culmorum, one of the main agents responsible for these diseases, was analyzed on nine commercial wheat varieties commonly grown in Tunisia. Experimental trials, considering artificially inoculated and non-inoculated plots, were set up to study various agronomic parameters, as well as the incidence and severity of these diseases, mycotoxin accumulation in stems and grains, and fungal contamination of tissues. Analysis of the correlations between disease severity and these parameters provided a better understanding of the effects of this pathogen on production and the quality of crops and residues (Chapter III). Finally, this study also aimed to select Trichoderma strains isolated from different Tunisian cereal-growing regions for their potential as biological control agents against Fusarium culmorum and as bio-stimulant on wheat plants. Sampling was carried out across several regions for identification and characterization. The antagonistic activity was evaluated in vitro through dual culture and volatile compound assays, while bio-stimulant effects were assessed on wheat growth parameters, including a seed coating trial to test their impact under both normal and pathogen-stress conditions. (Chapter IV). In conclusion, this thesis provides valuable insights into the dynamics of Fusarium-induced diseases affecting wheat crops in Tunisia. It also explores innovative solutions, such as the use of biocontrol agents, to mitigate these diseases and promote more sustainable agricultural practices in response in the face of current environmental challenges.
Sintesi Il grano duro (Triticum turgidum L. var. Durum Desf.) è una delle colture cerealicole più importanti a livello mondiale e svolge un ruolo cruciale nei istemi agricoli tunisini. Tuttavia, questo cereale è esposto a numerose patologie fungine, fra le quali molto importanti sono quelle causate da patogeni del genere Fusarium. Tra queste, “Fusarium Head Blight” (FHB) e “Fusarium Crown rot” (FCR) si distinguono per il loro notevole impatto sulla resa del raccolto, sulla qualità della granella e sulla qualità delle stoppie. Queste malattie non solo causano perdite di produzione, ma anche l'accumulo di micotossine, metaboliti secondari tossici per la salute umana e animale, compromettendo così la commerciabilità dei raccolti. La distribuzione geografica delle specie di Fusarium è influenzata dal clima, dalla temperatura e dall'umidità, con effetti sulla loro distribuzione, patogenicità e produzione di micotossine. I cambiamenti climatici possono alterare queste dinamiche, evidenziando la necessità di studi approfonditi sulla loro diversità regionale e sulle interazioni con le colture. Il primo obiettivo di questa tesi è stato quello di studiare la distribuzione geografica delle specie di Fusarium coinvolte nella FHB e nella FCR del grano in Tunisia, nonché la loro capacità di produrre micotossine. Concentrandosi sulle principali aree cerealicole del Paese, questa ricerca ha permesso di mappare la presenza delle varie specie e di mettere in relazione il loro profilo tossigenico con le condizioni agro-ecologiche locali (Capitolo II). In secondo luogo, è stato analizzato l'impatto dell'infezione da Fusarium culmorum, uno dei principali agenti responsabili di queste malattie, su nove varietà commerciali di grano comunemente coltivate in Tunisia. Le prove in parcelle inoculate e non inoculate sono state utilizzate per misurare diversi parametri agronomici, l'incidenza e la gravità di queste malattie, l'accumulo di micotossine negli steli e nei chicchi e la contaminazione fungina dei tessuti. L'analisi delle correlazioni tra la gravità delle malattie e questi parametri ha permesso di comprendere meglio gli effetti di questo patogeno sulla produzione e sulla qualità delle colture e dei residui (Capitolo III). Infine, questo studio mirava anche a selezionare ceppi di Trichoderma isolati da diverse regioni cerealicole tunisine per il loro potenziale impiego come agenti di bio-controllo contro Fusarium culmorum e per il loro effetto bio-stimolante su piante di frumento. Sono stati effettuati campionamenti in diverse regioni per l'identificazione e la caratterizzazione. L'attività antagonista è stata valutata in vitro mediante coltura doppia e saggi di composti volatili, mentre gli effetti biostimolanti sono stati valutati sui parametri di crescita del frumento, compresa una prova di rivestimento delle sementi per testare il loro impatto in condizioni normali e di stress da patogeno. (Capitolo IV). In conclusione, questa tesi fornisce preziose indicazioni sulle dinamiche delle malattie indotte da Fusarium che colpiscono le colture di grano in Tunisia. Inoltre, esplora soluzioni innovative, come l'uso di agenti di bio-controllo, per controllare queste malattie e promuovere pratiche agricole più sostenibili in risposta alle attuali sfide ambientali.
I funghi tossigeni che contaminano il grano in Tunisia e lo sviluppo di test di controllo biologico
SALMA, GUERMECH
2025
Abstract
Summary Durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. Durum Desf.) is one of the most important cereal crops worldwide and plays a crucial role in Tunisian agricultural systems. However, this cereal faces major threats, notably fungal diseases caused by pathogens of the Fusarium genus. Among these, Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) and Fusarium Crown Rot (FCR) stand out for their considerable impact on crop yield, grain quality and stubble quality. These diseases not only cause production losses, but also the accumulation of mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites to human and animal health, thus compromising the marketability and the safety of the foodstuff. The geographical distribution of Fusarium species is influenced by climate, temperature, and humidity, affecting their prevalence, pathogenicity, and mycotoxin production. Climate change may alter these dynamics, highlighting the need for in-depth studies on their regional diversity and crop interactions. The first objective of this thesis was to study the geographical distribution of Fusarium species responsible for FHB and FCR of wheat in Tunisia, as well as their ability to produce mycotoxins. Focusing on the country's main cereal-growing areas, this research made it possible to map the presence of the various species and relate their toxigenic profile to local agro-ecological conditions (Chapter II). Secondly, the impact of infection by Fusarium culmorum, one of the main agents responsible for these diseases, was analyzed on nine commercial wheat varieties commonly grown in Tunisia. Experimental trials, considering artificially inoculated and non-inoculated plots, were set up to study various agronomic parameters, as well as the incidence and severity of these diseases, mycotoxin accumulation in stems and grains, and fungal contamination of tissues. Analysis of the correlations between disease severity and these parameters provided a better understanding of the effects of this pathogen on production and the quality of crops and residues (Chapter III). Finally, this study also aimed to select Trichoderma strains isolated from different Tunisian cereal-growing regions for their potential as biological control agents against Fusarium culmorum and as bio-stimulant on wheat plants. Sampling was carried out across several regions for identification and characterization. The antagonistic activity was evaluated in vitro through dual culture and volatile compound assays, while bio-stimulant effects were assessed on wheat growth parameters, including a seed coating trial to test their impact under both normal and pathogen-stress conditions. (Chapter IV). In conclusion, this thesis provides valuable insights into the dynamics of Fusarium-induced diseases affecting wheat crops in Tunisia. It also explores innovative solutions, such as the use of biocontrol agents, to mitigate these diseases and promote more sustainable agricultural practices in response in the face of current environmental challenges.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/355111
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-355111