This study investigates the history of the Ernesto de Martino Institute (IEdM) within the broader framework of the discovery and use of oral sources, a field shaped by shared practices and reflections that – often in fragmented and episodic forms – cut across transnational networks of researchers, institutions, artists, and intellectuals engaged in their documentation and enhancement. The Institute is examined both as a site of cultural elaboration, with its own orientation in cultural politics, and as a “political” archive, whose origins, structure, and evolution are interpreted considering the Italian and international context. The present PhD thesis develops along two main lines: on the one hand, an examination of the IEdM’s transnational relationships established with like-minded institutions and individuals in Europe and beyond; on the other, the exploration of the emergence and diffusion of oral history, with particular attention to potential intersections between its early promoters and the Institute’s experience. Adopting a transnational and comparative perspective, the research combines approaches from cultural and intellectual history, translocal microhistory, sound studies, and archival activism. It understands sound recording as a cultural process and knowledge as «in transit» between contexts and communities of thought. The dissertation is structured into a methodological introduction; a historical overview of Italian and international precedents in the use of sound testimony; an in-depth analysis of the IEdM’s cultural mandate, including a reconstruction of its network of contacts; and a final chapter on the 1970s–1980s, focusing on the Institute’s relationship with the so-called «Italian school of oral history». The documentary corpus includes correspondence, project files, printed materials, the Institute’s sound holdings, and fifteen interviews conducted between 2023 and 2024. Archival research was also carried out in Germany, Hungary, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland, following the circulation of books, records, tapes, and newsletters. The findings challenge the view of the Institute as an “insular” entity, showing instead its exchanges with a wide range of countries – most notably the United States, Great Britain, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Cuba, and China – within an antifascist, Third-Worldist, and internationalist cultural horizon. The IEdM engaged with institutions and intellectuals that, in some contexts, national historiographies identify as pioneers in the development of oral history. These transnational dynamics did not operate as one-way transfers but as horizontal exchanges involving books, recording formats, radio scripts, and theoretical essays, thereby generating a shared transnational framework of reference. The Institute’s cultural politics focused on its sound archive, conceived as an imperative to document the expressive forms of “subaltern” subjects. This dual mandate – at once political and cultural – highlighted the inseparability of the two dimensions. Studying the IEdM thus means tracing a practice that ranged from collection to description, preservation, collective re-elaboration, and public dissemination of sources – always conceiving recording as a cultural process and knowledge as “in transit” between contexts and intellectual-militant groups. This perspective is brought into focus through the analysis of the Institute’s first fieldwork campaigns, the Sound Archives record series, and community-based projects. In the context of the rise of oral history in Italy from the mid1970s, the thesis highlights the IEdM’s role in a field characterized by a persistent tension between militant circuits and the pursuit of academic recognition. Rejecting a teleological approach to the development of oral history – and engaging with the reflections of Graham Smith, Linda Shopes, and Daniel Kerr – the research sheds light on both anticipations and continuities in the ways sound sources were conceived, their narrative dimension, and the intersubjectivity of the interview. In doing so, it offers a new interpretation of the trajectories of oral history in Italy, emphasizing continuities, frictions, and processes of exchange and circulation.
La tesi ricostruisce la storia dell’Istituto Ernesto de Martino (IEdM) inquadrandola nel più ampio scenario di scoperta delle fonti orali, segnato da pratiche e riflessioni condivise che – in forme spesso non strutturate ed episodiche – attraversano reti transnazionali di ricercatori, enti, artisti e intellettuali attivi nella loro documentazione e valorizzazione. L’Istituto è analizzato sia come luogo di elaborazione culturale, con un proprio indirizzo di politica culturale, sia come archivio «politico», la cui genesi, impostazione ed evoluzione sono lette alla luce del contesto italiano e internazionale. L’impianto e lo sviluppo della tesi corrono lungo due direttrici principali: da un lato, la messa a fuoco della rete di rapporti che l’IEdM stabilisce con soggetti di affine vocazione in paesi europei ed extraeuropei; dall’altro, l’indagine sulla nascita e la diffusione della oral history, con particolare attenzione ai possibili legami tra i suoi promotori e l’esperienza dell’Istituto. L’indagine si muove in prospettiva transnazionale e comparata, con un impianto che incrocia storia culturale e degli intellettuali, microstoria in chiave translocale, sound studies e riflessioni sull’archival activism, assumendo la registrazione come processo culturale e il sapere come «in transito» tra contesti e collettivi di pensiero. La tesi si articola in un’introduzione metodologica, un quadro storico sulle premesse italiane e internazionali dell’uso delle testimonianze sonore, un’analisi in profondità del mandato culturale dell’IEdM con la ricostruzione del suo network di contatti, un capitolo conclusivo sugli anni Settanta-Ottanta e sui rapporti tra l’Istituto e la cosiddetta «scuola italiana di storia orale». La base documentaria comprende corrispondenza, carte progettuali, materiali a stampa, fondi sonori dell’IEdM e quindici interviste raccolte tra il 2023 e il 2024. La ricerca d’archivio si estende a istituti con sede in Germania, Ungheria, Regno Unito e Svizzera, seguendo i fili della circolazione di libri, dischi, nastri e bollettini. I risultati mostrano il superamento dell’immagine «autarchica» dell’Istituto. Esso intrattiene scambi con un ampio ventaglio di paesi – in particolare Stati Uniti, Gran Bretagna, Repubblica Democratica Tedesca, Ungheria, Cuba e Cina – entro le coordinate di una cultura internazionalista antifascista e terzomondista, ed entra in contatto con enti e intellettuali che, in alcuni contesti, le storiografie nazionali riconoscono come casi pionieristici nella diffusione della oral history. Le dinamiche transnazionali non si configurano come importazioni unidirezionali, ma come scambi orizzontali nei quali transitano libri, bollettini, formati discografici, script radiofonici e saggi teorici, contribuendo a generare un orizzonte di riferimenti transnazionali. Per quanto riguarda la politica culturale dell’IEdM, emerge la centralità della nastroteca, fondata su un imperativo dell’archiviazione delle forme di espressività dei soggetti «non egemonici»: un mandato dalla natura duplice, in cui dimensione politica e dimensione culturale risultano inscindibilmente intrecciate. Analizzare l’attività dell’IEdM significa osservare una pratica che va dalla raccolta alla descrizione, dalla conservazione alla rielaborazione collettiva e alla circolazione pubblica delle fonti – e che concepisce la registrazione come processo culturale e il sapere come «in transito» tra contesti e gruppi di intellettuali-militanti. Questo impianto è messo a fuoco attraverso l’analisi delle prime campagne di ricerca, dell’esperimento discografico degli Archivi Sonori e degli interventi in alcuni quartieri cittadini. Nel quadro dell’affermazione della storia orale in Italia dalla metà degli anni Settanta, si ricostruisce il ruolo giocato dall’IEdM in un’arena segnata da una tensione costante tra circuito militante e istanze di legittimazione accademica. Adottando una prospettiva non teleologica sullo sviluppo della storia orale – in dialogo con le riflessioni di Graham Smith, Linda Shopes e Daniel Kerr – la tesi mette in luce anticipazioni e permanenze nelle modalità di intendere la fonte sonora, la sua narratività e l’intersoggettività dell’intervista, e propone una rilettura della traiettoria della oral history in Italia, evidenziando continuità, frizioni e processi di scambio e circolazione.
«UN ARCHIVIO VIVO» PER «UNA STORIA IMMEDIATA». L'ISTITUTO ERNESTO DE MARTINO NELLO SCENARIO INTERNAZIONALE
PARIS, CHIARA
2026
Abstract
This study investigates the history of the Ernesto de Martino Institute (IEdM) within the broader framework of the discovery and use of oral sources, a field shaped by shared practices and reflections that – often in fragmented and episodic forms – cut across transnational networks of researchers, institutions, artists, and intellectuals engaged in their documentation and enhancement. The Institute is examined both as a site of cultural elaboration, with its own orientation in cultural politics, and as a “political” archive, whose origins, structure, and evolution are interpreted considering the Italian and international context. The present PhD thesis develops along two main lines: on the one hand, an examination of the IEdM’s transnational relationships established with like-minded institutions and individuals in Europe and beyond; on the other, the exploration of the emergence and diffusion of oral history, with particular attention to potential intersections between its early promoters and the Institute’s experience. Adopting a transnational and comparative perspective, the research combines approaches from cultural and intellectual history, translocal microhistory, sound studies, and archival activism. It understands sound recording as a cultural process and knowledge as «in transit» between contexts and communities of thought. The dissertation is structured into a methodological introduction; a historical overview of Italian and international precedents in the use of sound testimony; an in-depth analysis of the IEdM’s cultural mandate, including a reconstruction of its network of contacts; and a final chapter on the 1970s–1980s, focusing on the Institute’s relationship with the so-called «Italian school of oral history». The documentary corpus includes correspondence, project files, printed materials, the Institute’s sound holdings, and fifteen interviews conducted between 2023 and 2024. Archival research was also carried out in Germany, Hungary, the United Kingdom, and Switzerland, following the circulation of books, records, tapes, and newsletters. The findings challenge the view of the Institute as an “insular” entity, showing instead its exchanges with a wide range of countries – most notably the United States, Great Britain, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Cuba, and China – within an antifascist, Third-Worldist, and internationalist cultural horizon. The IEdM engaged with institutions and intellectuals that, in some contexts, national historiographies identify as pioneers in the development of oral history. These transnational dynamics did not operate as one-way transfers but as horizontal exchanges involving books, recording formats, radio scripts, and theoretical essays, thereby generating a shared transnational framework of reference. The Institute’s cultural politics focused on its sound archive, conceived as an imperative to document the expressive forms of “subaltern” subjects. This dual mandate – at once political and cultural – highlighted the inseparability of the two dimensions. Studying the IEdM thus means tracing a practice that ranged from collection to description, preservation, collective re-elaboration, and public dissemination of sources – always conceiving recording as a cultural process and knowledge as “in transit” between contexts and intellectual-militant groups. This perspective is brought into focus through the analysis of the Institute’s first fieldwork campaigns, the Sound Archives record series, and community-based projects. In the context of the rise of oral history in Italy from the mid1970s, the thesis highlights the IEdM’s role in a field characterized by a persistent tension between militant circuits and the pursuit of academic recognition. Rejecting a teleological approach to the development of oral history – and engaging with the reflections of Graham Smith, Linda Shopes, and Daniel Kerr – the research sheds light on both anticipations and continuities in the ways sound sources were conceived, their narrative dimension, and the intersubjectivity of the interview. In doing so, it offers a new interpretation of the trajectories of oral history in Italy, emphasizing continuities, frictions, and processes of exchange and circulation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/355198
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-355198