This study constitutes a diachronic analysis of the evolution of the vocabulary of Greek amnesty, tracing the development from the expression mē mnēsikakein to the term amnēstia. The first chapter investigates the use of the verb mnēsikakeō in fifth-century literary and epigraphic sources, highlighting its inherently negative connotation. This negative value favoured the use of the negated form mē mnēsikakein – rather than mē timōrein – to effectively express a renunciation of vengeance. Although the phrase has come to be regarded as a technical term for amnesty, the study argues that its juridical meaning was deliberately constructed in the context of the Athenian civil reconciliation. Prior to 403 BCE, mnēsikakeō had no procedural connotation; its transformation reflects a strategic reinterpretation of language to suit political aims. This process challenges the principle of institutional conservatism – commonly explained by the path dependence model – according to which institutional change entails high costs and requires transitional reforms. Such reforms in Athens included the introduction of paragraphē (Isoc. 18.2) and the law restricting the retroactive applicability of legislation (Andoc. 1.89), understood as instruments of institutional conversion. The second chapter reassesses the definition of “amnesty,” distinguishing it from acts of clemency or repatriation of exiles. Some seemingly relevant cases, like the Patroclides’ decree (405 BCE), are deemed unreliable. Instead, mē mnēsikakein typically protected those who remained in the city, not returning exiles. Chapters three and four explore epigraphic attestations, arguing against a purely legal reading of the formula, and compare it to alternative expressions of legal non-retaliation, often used to prevent civil wars, such as in sympoliteia treaties. The fifth chapter examines the terms adeia and amnēstia, concluding that the latter becomes semantically equivalent to mē mnēsikakein in the Hellenistic period. The study includes a catalogue of 29 cases of amnesty consistent with the adopted definition, spanning from 490 to the early second century BCE.
L’indagine si configura come un’analisi diacronica dell’evoluzione del lessico dell’amnistia greca, a partire dall’espressione μὴ μνησικακεῖν fino al termine ἀμνηστία. Il primo capitolo esamina l’uso del verbo μνησικακέω nel V secolo, evidenziando una connotazione negativa che ne favorì l’uso, con negazione anteposta, per designare una rinuncia alla vendetta, come nel celebre caso dell’amnistia ateniese del 403 a.C. Sebbene la storia degli studi abbia consolidato l’idea di μὴ μνησικακεῖν come formula tecnica, l’analisi mostra come tale uso sia stato costruito ad hoc nel contesto postbellico di Atene. L’inquadramento teorico fa ricorso al modello della 'path dependence', spiegando la necessità di riforme istituzionali (tra cui la παραγραφή e la limitazione temporale della retroattività legislativa) come strategie di 'conversion', atte a reinterpretare norme esistenti. Il secondo capitolo problematizza ulteriormente il concetto di amnistia, distinguendolo da altri atti di clemenza e di rimpatrio degli esuli. Alcuni casi apparentemente pertinenti, come il decreto di Patroclide (405 a.C.), non sono ritenuti affidabili. Inoltre, il μὴ μνησικακεῖν si rivela essere rivolto a tutelare soprattutto chi era rimasto in città, piuttosto che gli esuli rientranti. I capitoli terzo e quarto approfondiscono l’uso del sintagma nelle fonti epigrafiche, mettendo in discussione il suo presunto valore tecnico-giudiziario, e lo rapportano a espressioni alternative di divieto di perseguire in giudizio – spesso di natura preventiva, come nel caso dei trattati di simpolitia. Infine, il quinto capitolo analizza i termini ἄδεια e ἀμνηστία, confermando che quest’ultima rappresenta, in epoca ellenistica, l’equivalente semantico di μὴ μνησικακεῖν. Il lavoro comprende un catalogo di 29 attestazioni coerenti con la definizione di amnistia adottata, coprendo un arco temporale dal 490 all’inizio del II secolo a.C.
L¿ 'AMNISTIA' IN ETÀ CLASSICA ED ELLENISTICA. STRATEGIE DI RICONCILIAZIONE E RIDEFINIZIONE DELLA CITTADINANZA A SEGUITO DI CONFLITTI INTERNI
BARBUTO, SERENA
2026
Abstract
This study constitutes a diachronic analysis of the evolution of the vocabulary of Greek amnesty, tracing the development from the expression mē mnēsikakein to the term amnēstia. The first chapter investigates the use of the verb mnēsikakeō in fifth-century literary and epigraphic sources, highlighting its inherently negative connotation. This negative value favoured the use of the negated form mē mnēsikakein – rather than mē timōrein – to effectively express a renunciation of vengeance. Although the phrase has come to be regarded as a technical term for amnesty, the study argues that its juridical meaning was deliberately constructed in the context of the Athenian civil reconciliation. Prior to 403 BCE, mnēsikakeō had no procedural connotation; its transformation reflects a strategic reinterpretation of language to suit political aims. This process challenges the principle of institutional conservatism – commonly explained by the path dependence model – according to which institutional change entails high costs and requires transitional reforms. Such reforms in Athens included the introduction of paragraphē (Isoc. 18.2) and the law restricting the retroactive applicability of legislation (Andoc. 1.89), understood as instruments of institutional conversion. The second chapter reassesses the definition of “amnesty,” distinguishing it from acts of clemency or repatriation of exiles. Some seemingly relevant cases, like the Patroclides’ decree (405 BCE), are deemed unreliable. Instead, mē mnēsikakein typically protected those who remained in the city, not returning exiles. Chapters three and four explore epigraphic attestations, arguing against a purely legal reading of the formula, and compare it to alternative expressions of legal non-retaliation, often used to prevent civil wars, such as in sympoliteia treaties. The fifth chapter examines the terms adeia and amnēstia, concluding that the latter becomes semantically equivalent to mē mnēsikakein in the Hellenistic period. The study includes a catalogue of 29 cases of amnesty consistent with the adopted definition, spanning from 490 to the early second century BCE.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/355397
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-355397