Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) belong to a class of tumor known as orphan tumors. Orphan tumors are extremely rare, representing less than 1% of all human oncological pathologies. They affect one in every 1,500 to 2,500 individuals, with fewer than 200,000 cases reported in the United States. Due to their rarity, pharmaceutical companies often lack incentives to invest in developing new drugs for their therapy, given the high costs involved and the relatively small patient population. As a result, many rare tumors still lack effective treatments. GBM, TNBC and PDAC are extremely aggressive and associated with a very low 5-year survival rate, despite the surgical and pharmacological treatments. The standard treatment involves the surgical resection, the chemotherapy, as adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment for both TNBC and PDAC, the radiotherapy and the palliative care, depending on the stage of the neoplasm. In order to overcome the lack of treatment for these types of tumors, the aim of this PhD research was to prepare a new series of platinum complexes endowed with higher pharmacological activity and better physicochemical properties. Some structural modifications were also introduced to allow their use as theranostic probes for a more targeted and personalized therapy. Starting from the already published Pt-8AQ, the lead compound of the synthesized series during this PhD work, three approaches have been applied to the lead compound structure with promising outcomes: i) The modifications to the carrier ligand of the lead compound Pt-8AQ.: 8-aminoquinoline ligand was modified by introducing a fluorine atom in different positions of both rings of the quinoline core to enhance the solubility of the complex and consequently its bioavailability. The new synthesized complexes demonstrated enhanced DNA crosslinking properties and promising antiproliferative activity, comparable or superior to cisplatin (complexes 5 and 7 IC50 = Glioblastoma U87-MG cell line: 10.44 ± 0.92 mM and 10.61 ± 1.05 mM respectively; Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma CFPAC-1 cell line: 13.53 ± 0.25 mM and 12.91 ± 0.36 mM respectively). ii) The modifications to the pharmacokinetics of the lead compound Pt-8AQ: two di-oxygenated molecules, alizarin and curcumin, were selected and introduced as leaving groups. Both these molecules have some biological activities by themselves, but they are also able to absorb and emit light in the UV-Vis range thus introducing the possibility to develop new theranostic compounds once inserted in the platinum complexes’ structure, for in-real-time imaging. We found out that these new leaving groups could modulate the selectivity and the reactivity of the complex, acting like protector groups for the platinum center and leading the formation of less active complexes with lower side effects but endowed with interesting antioxidant and antibacterial properties. iii) The introduction of a further ancillary ligand with an alkyl-imidazole moiety in the lead compound structure to afford the corresponding cationic platinum complexes: this approach aimed to increase the cellular uptake and the bioavailability by enabling recognition and internalization via Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs). In addition, a combined strategy involved the synthesis of a cationic theranostic platinum complex by introducing the well-known BODIPY moiety at the distal position of the alkyl chain on the imidazole function to track the complex within the body and at cellular levels. Both biological and spectroscopic assays revealed that the addition of this fluorophore did not affect the biological activity of the lead compound Pt-8AQ, opening the possibility to use it for real-time imaging and to study the exact mechanism of action. Furthermore, all these new complexes will be studied for their ability to be loaded within Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) exploiting their intrinsic ability to reach the stroma of cancer cells, and to release the loaded drug directly inside the tumoral microenvironment. In this way, the drug could exert its anticancer activity directly in situ, thus reducing systemic side effects. To conclude, all these findings support the idea that a rational design of the ligands and a strategic functionalization enable the development of next-generation platinum-based metallodrugs with improved efficacy, selectivity and imaging capabilities.
Il glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), il tumore al seno triplo negativo (TNBC) e l’adenocarcinoma duttale pancreatico (PDAC) appartengono ad una categoria di tumori conosciuta come tumori orfani. I tumori orfani sono estremamente rari, rappresentano meno dell’1% del numero totale di tumori umani, in quanto colpiscono circa una persona su 1500/2500 individui. Proprio a causa di questa rarità, le aziende farmaceutiche spesso non hanno sufficienti incentivi volti alla ricerca di nuovi farmaci perché includerebbero costi troppo elevati e un numero limitato di pazienti che ne gioverebbero. Per questo motivo, molti tumori orfani sono tutt’ora privi di trattamenti efficaci. GBM, TNBC e PDAC sono tumori molto aggressivi e, nonostante trattamenti chirurgici e farmacologici, la sopravvivenza a cinque anni è molto bassa. La procedura standard di terapia prevede la resezione chirurgica, la chemioterapia, sia utilizzata pre-intervento chirurgico che post-intervento per TNBC e PDAC, la radioterapia e infine le cure palliative, a seconda dello stadio della malattia. Per superare la mancanza di trattamenti efficaci contro questi tumori, lo scopo della mia ricerca di dottorato è stato studiare e sintetizzare nuove serie di complessi di platino che possedessero una migliore attività farmacologica, ma anche migliori proprietà chimico-fisiche, come ad esempio una migliore solubilità del composto. Sono state inoltre introdotte delle modifiche strutturali tali da poter permettere l’utilizzo di questi nuovi complessi come agenti teranostici per una terapia più mirata e personalizzata. Tra tutte le strategie possibili, partendo dalla struttura base del complesso conosciuto come Pt-8AQ e precedentemente pubblicato, ci siamo focalizzati su tre principali approcci che hanno portato a risultati promettenti: i) Modifiche alla struttura del complesso: abbiamo modificato il cosiddetto “carrier ligand”, l’8-amminochinolina, aggiungendo un atomo di fluoro in diverse posizioni dell’anello per migliorare la solubilità del complesso e quindi la sua biodisponibilità. I nuovi complessi così formati risultano migliori per quanto riguarda il crosslinking con il DNA e possiedono anche una promettente attività antiproliferativa, comparabile o addirittura superiore a quella del cisplatino. ii) Modifiche alla farmacocinetica del complesso: sono state selezionate due molecole di-ossigenate, l’alizarina e la curcumina, come “leaving groups”. Entrambe queste molecole sono state scelte sia per le loro attività biologiche intrinseche, sia per la loro capacità di assorbire ed emettere la luce UV in modo da poter sintetizzare composti teranostici. L’aggiunta di queste nuove molecole ha portato ad una maggiore selettività dei complessi e una maggiore modulazione della loro attività, agendo come agenti protettori nei confronti del centro metallico e portando quindi ad avere minore reattività e minori effetti collaterali. iii) L’utilizzo di un “ancillary ligand” a base imidazolica per ottenere dei complessi cationici che permettano una maggiore biodisponibilità e un maggiore assorbimento e un migliore uptake da parte delle cellule grazie alla possibilità di sfruttare il riconoscimento e l’internalizzazione da parte dei Trasportatori di Cationi Organici (OCTs). Inoltre, è stata adottata anche una strategia combinata in cui, a questi complessi cationici a base imidazolica è stato aggiunto un noto fluoroforo, il BODIPY, che potrebbe permettere di visualizzare e seguire il complesso all’interno del corpo e a livello cellulare. I test biologici hanno dimostrato che l’aggiunta di questo fluoroforo porta ad ottenere un complesso che può effettivamente essere utilizzato come agente teranostico e che può essere utile per studiare il vero meccanismo d’azione della molecola, senza modificare l’attività biologica del corrispondente complesso cationico di partenza. Tutti i complessi sintetizzati sono e saranno inoltre valutati per la loro capacità di essere caricati su cellule stromali mesenchimali (MSCs), le quali tendono a localizzarsi selettivamente nel microambiente tumorale, rilasciando in situ il farmaco veicolato. In tal modo, l’agente antitumorale può esercitare la propria attività direttamente sulla massa neoplastica, riducendo al minimo gli effetti collaterali sistemici. In conclusione, i risultati ottenuti supportano l’ipotesi che una progettazione razionale dei leganti e l’impiego di funzionalizzazioni mirate possano condurre allo sviluppo di una nuova generazione di complessi di platino(II) caratterizzati da una maggiore efficacia, selettività e da un maggiore potenziale diagnostico.
THERANOSTIC PLATINUM-BASED COMPLEXES FOR GLIOBLASTOMA TREATMENT AND EVALUATION OF THEIR LOADING AND RELEASE FOR DRUG DELIVERY
COFFETTI, GIULIA
2026
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) belong to a class of tumor known as orphan tumors. Orphan tumors are extremely rare, representing less than 1% of all human oncological pathologies. They affect one in every 1,500 to 2,500 individuals, with fewer than 200,000 cases reported in the United States. Due to their rarity, pharmaceutical companies often lack incentives to invest in developing new drugs for their therapy, given the high costs involved and the relatively small patient population. As a result, many rare tumors still lack effective treatments. GBM, TNBC and PDAC are extremely aggressive and associated with a very low 5-year survival rate, despite the surgical and pharmacological treatments. The standard treatment involves the surgical resection, the chemotherapy, as adjuvant or neoadjuvant treatment for both TNBC and PDAC, the radiotherapy and the palliative care, depending on the stage of the neoplasm. In order to overcome the lack of treatment for these types of tumors, the aim of this PhD research was to prepare a new series of platinum complexes endowed with higher pharmacological activity and better physicochemical properties. Some structural modifications were also introduced to allow their use as theranostic probes for a more targeted and personalized therapy. Starting from the already published Pt-8AQ, the lead compound of the synthesized series during this PhD work, three approaches have been applied to the lead compound structure with promising outcomes: i) The modifications to the carrier ligand of the lead compound Pt-8AQ.: 8-aminoquinoline ligand was modified by introducing a fluorine atom in different positions of both rings of the quinoline core to enhance the solubility of the complex and consequently its bioavailability. The new synthesized complexes demonstrated enhanced DNA crosslinking properties and promising antiproliferative activity, comparable or superior to cisplatin (complexes 5 and 7 IC50 = Glioblastoma U87-MG cell line: 10.44 ± 0.92 mM and 10.61 ± 1.05 mM respectively; Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma CFPAC-1 cell line: 13.53 ± 0.25 mM and 12.91 ± 0.36 mM respectively). ii) The modifications to the pharmacokinetics of the lead compound Pt-8AQ: two di-oxygenated molecules, alizarin and curcumin, were selected and introduced as leaving groups. Both these molecules have some biological activities by themselves, but they are also able to absorb and emit light in the UV-Vis range thus introducing the possibility to develop new theranostic compounds once inserted in the platinum complexes’ structure, for in-real-time imaging. We found out that these new leaving groups could modulate the selectivity and the reactivity of the complex, acting like protector groups for the platinum center and leading the formation of less active complexes with lower side effects but endowed with interesting antioxidant and antibacterial properties. iii) The introduction of a further ancillary ligand with an alkyl-imidazole moiety in the lead compound structure to afford the corresponding cationic platinum complexes: this approach aimed to increase the cellular uptake and the bioavailability by enabling recognition and internalization via Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs). In addition, a combined strategy involved the synthesis of a cationic theranostic platinum complex by introducing the well-known BODIPY moiety at the distal position of the alkyl chain on the imidazole function to track the complex within the body and at cellular levels. Both biological and spectroscopic assays revealed that the addition of this fluorophore did not affect the biological activity of the lead compound Pt-8AQ, opening the possibility to use it for real-time imaging and to study the exact mechanism of action. Furthermore, all these new complexes will be studied for their ability to be loaded within Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) exploiting their intrinsic ability to reach the stroma of cancer cells, and to release the loaded drug directly inside the tumoral microenvironment. In this way, the drug could exert its anticancer activity directly in situ, thus reducing systemic side effects. To conclude, all these findings support the idea that a rational design of the ligands and a strategic functionalization enable the development of next-generation platinum-based metallodrugs with improved efficacy, selectivity and imaging capabilities.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/355474
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-355474