Tardigrades are aquatic micrometazoans inhabiting nearly all ecosystems on Earth. They are renowned for unique dormancy strategies enabling survival in extreme conditions, encompassing cryptobiosis and diapause, both characterized by suspended activity and metabolism. Anhydrobiosis, a cryptobiotic form, allows tardigrades to survive complete desiccation through coordinated molecular, physiological, and morphological adaptations. Key protective factors include tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs). Current anhydrobiosis molecular models, based on a few species, leave open questions on the distribution, evolution and role of desiccation mediators across tardigrade lineages. Encystment, a diapause form, has been confirmed in few species yet widespread across lineages, and remains poorly characterized at the ecological, physiological, and molecular levels. Broader investigations across taxa are needed to clarify the diversity of dormancy mechanisms and to determine whether cryptobiosis and diapause share common molecular pathways. This thesis aims to investigate the role, diversity, and evolutionary history of molecular adaptations in tardigrades, with a particular focus on dormancy strategies and lineages that are still underrepresented in omics-based studies. A step toward this goal involved the analysis of Bertolanius volubilis, a rare example of a tardigrade species capable of entering both cryptobiosis and diapause. This species belongs to the superfamily Eohypsibioidea, an eutardigrade lineage characterized by few described species and limited molecular data. To elucidate the molecular basis of dormancy in B. volubilis, two distinct transcriptome analyses were generated. The first was aimed at characterizing the molecular machinery underlying desiccation. The resulting transcriptomic profile, characterized by constitutively high TDP gene expression and limited upregulation upon desiccation, suggests that B. volubilis likely relies on a molecular toolbox ready to effectively handle rapid and frequent dehydration events. The identified TDPs were also compared with previously characterized sequences to investigate their evolutionary relationships. A comparative analysis across species suggested that specific TDPs with shared evolutionary histories may represent key determinants of anhydrobiosis. The second analysis represented the first attempt to explore the transcriptional landscape associated with encystment in tardigrades. To broaden the scope of this exploration, encystment was investigated in B. volubilis and in two additional species from distinct evolutionary lineages: Dactylobiotus parthenogeneticus and a previously undescribed Hypsibius species, confirmed as new to science through integrative taxonomy. Expression dynamics during encystment revealed a deep transcriptional reorganization and a consistent involvement of TDPs was observed across all species. Despite a global decrease in gene activity, the concomitant induction of highly expressed genes suggests a remodeling process rather than a gene activity shutdown. Comparative analyses of differentially expressed genes across species revealed a set of conserved molecular components, comprising both factors already linked to cryptobiosis, and others not previously associated with dormancy in tardigrades, which may represent molecular signatures of diapause.
I tardigradi sono micrometazoi acquatici presenti in quasi tutti gli ecosistemi. Sono noti per le loro peculiari strategie di dormienza che includono criptobiosi e diapausa. Entrambi i meccanismi sono caratterizzati da un arresto del metabolismo e consentono loro di sopravvivere in condizioni estreme. L'anidrobiosi, una forma di criptobiosi, permette ai tardigradi di sopravvivere alla completa disidratazione attraverso adattamenti molecolari, fisiologici e morfologici. Tra i principali fattori protettivi figurano le TDP, proteine intrinsecamente disordinate specifiche dei tardigradi. Le attuali conoscenze sull’anidrobiosi si basano su poche specie, lasciando aperti interrogativi sulla distribuzione, evoluzione e ruolo dei fattori coinvolti nell’essiccamento in diverse linee evolutive. L’incistamento, una forma di diapausa, è stato descritto in poche specie, pur essendo diffuso nelle diverse superfamiglie, e resta in gran parte da chiarire dal punto di vista ecologico, fisiologico e molecolare. Per approfondire la diversità dei meccanismi di dormienza e determinare se possano condividere processi molecolari è perciò necessario considerare più taxa. Lo scopo di questa tesi è quello di indagare ruolo, diversità e storia evolutiva degli adattamenti molecolari nei tardigradi, con particolare attenzione a strategie di dormienza e linee evolutive poco rappresentate in studi omici. Un passo in questa direzione ha previsto l’analisi di Bertolanius volubilis, raro esempio di specie in grado di entrare sia in criptobiosi che diapausa. Questa specie appartiene alla superfamiglia Eohypsibioidea, un taxon di eutardigradi scarsamente caratterizzato in termini di specie descritte e disponibilità di dati molecolari. Sono state condotte due analisi trascrittomiche distinte per chiarire le basi molecolari della dormienza in B. volubilis. La prima analisi è stata finalizzata a caratterizzare i meccanismi molecolari alla base dell’anidrobiosi. Il profilo trascrittomico osservato è caratterizzato da un’espressione costitutiva dei geni TDP e da una loro limitata sovraespressione durante l’essiccamento, suggerendo che B. volubilis impieghi un repertorio molecolare già assemblato in grado di rispondere efficacemente a rapidi e frequenti eventi di essiccamento. Le TDP identificate sono state confrontate con sequenze precedentemente caratterizzate per indagarne le relazioni evolutive. Un’analisi comparativa ha suggerito che specifiche TDP possano rappresentare determinanti fondamentali dell’anidrobiosi in molteplici specie. La seconda analisi ha esplorato per la prima volta il profilo trascrizionale associato all’incistamento nei tardigradi. Lo studio dell’incistamento su B. volubilis è stato poi esteso a Dactylobiotus parthenogeneticus e a una nuova specie di Hypsibius, confermata come tale mediante tassonomia integrata. Le dinamiche di espressione negli animali incistati hanno evidenziato una profonda riorganizzazione trascrizionale e, in tutte le specie, è emerso un coinvolgimento ricorrente dei geni delle TDP. Nonostante una globale riduzione dell’attività genica, la concomitante induzione di geni altamente espressi suggerisce un processo di rimodellamento trascrizionale. Le analisi comparative dei geni differenzialmente espressi tra le diverse specie hanno permesso di individuare un insieme di componenti molecolari conservati, comprendenti sia fattori già associati alla criptobiosi, sia altri finora non collegati alla dormienza nei tardigradi, che potrebbero rappresentare adattamenti molecolari chiave della diapausa.
Meccanismi di resistenza nei tardigradi: evoluzione e adattamenti molecolari a condizioni ambientali estreme in diverse linee evolutive
VINCENZI, JOEL
2026
Abstract
Tardigrades are aquatic micrometazoans inhabiting nearly all ecosystems on Earth. They are renowned for unique dormancy strategies enabling survival in extreme conditions, encompassing cryptobiosis and diapause, both characterized by suspended activity and metabolism. Anhydrobiosis, a cryptobiotic form, allows tardigrades to survive complete desiccation through coordinated molecular, physiological, and morphological adaptations. Key protective factors include tardigrade-specific intrinsically disordered proteins (TDPs). Current anhydrobiosis molecular models, based on a few species, leave open questions on the distribution, evolution and role of desiccation mediators across tardigrade lineages. Encystment, a diapause form, has been confirmed in few species yet widespread across lineages, and remains poorly characterized at the ecological, physiological, and molecular levels. Broader investigations across taxa are needed to clarify the diversity of dormancy mechanisms and to determine whether cryptobiosis and diapause share common molecular pathways. This thesis aims to investigate the role, diversity, and evolutionary history of molecular adaptations in tardigrades, with a particular focus on dormancy strategies and lineages that are still underrepresented in omics-based studies. A step toward this goal involved the analysis of Bertolanius volubilis, a rare example of a tardigrade species capable of entering both cryptobiosis and diapause. This species belongs to the superfamily Eohypsibioidea, an eutardigrade lineage characterized by few described species and limited molecular data. To elucidate the molecular basis of dormancy in B. volubilis, two distinct transcriptome analyses were generated. The first was aimed at characterizing the molecular machinery underlying desiccation. The resulting transcriptomic profile, characterized by constitutively high TDP gene expression and limited upregulation upon desiccation, suggests that B. volubilis likely relies on a molecular toolbox ready to effectively handle rapid and frequent dehydration events. The identified TDPs were also compared with previously characterized sequences to investigate their evolutionary relationships. A comparative analysis across species suggested that specific TDPs with shared evolutionary histories may represent key determinants of anhydrobiosis. The second analysis represented the first attempt to explore the transcriptional landscape associated with encystment in tardigrades. To broaden the scope of this exploration, encystment was investigated in B. volubilis and in two additional species from distinct evolutionary lineages: Dactylobiotus parthenogeneticus and a previously undescribed Hypsibius species, confirmed as new to science through integrative taxonomy. Expression dynamics during encystment revealed a deep transcriptional reorganization and a consistent involvement of TDPs was observed across all species. Despite a global decrease in gene activity, the concomitant induction of highly expressed genes suggests a remodeling process rather than a gene activity shutdown. Comparative analyses of differentially expressed genes across species revealed a set of conserved molecular components, comprising both factors already linked to cryptobiosis, and others not previously associated with dormancy in tardigrades, which may represent molecular signatures of diapause.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/355956
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-355956