The teaching of history represents a crucial junction within the educational system, a “space” in which pedagogical and didactic horizons open up to in-depth methodological reflection, shaped by ever-new questions about historical processes linked to the demands of the present. The challenges stem in fact from a widespread perception among students of history as a discipline relegated to the past and distant from the dynamics—if not the critical issues—of the contemporary world. This presumed disconnection fuels the need to renew traditional teaching methodologies, implying an epistemological reconsideration of the discipline itself and promoting a vision of history at school—from primary education to university—not as a mere list of concluded facts, but as a dynamic process of interpretation, critical analysis, and the construction of meanings relevant to the present. In an era marked by rapid social, cultural, and technological change, questioning the role and significance of history in education appears unavoidable. Do we still need history? This seemingly rhetorical question underlies a long-standing and lively debate on the importance of understanding the past, developing critical thinking, and building a conscious collective awareness. The answer lies partly in the ability to rethink historical narration in order to move beyond a linear and often Eurocentric perspective—a viewpoint that seems instead to re-emerge in the new National Guidelines for History proposed by the Italian Ministry of Education and Merit in 2025—and to emphasize the plurality of voices, the complexity of events, and the interconnection between the local and the global, between subjective and collective dimensions. Within this paradigm, the cultural perspective plays a central role, enabling an understanding of the mentalities, values, and practices of past societies and offering richer and more nuanced interpretative tools for understanding the present. In this context, the history laboratory emerges as a privileged learning space for designing teaching materials coherent with real-life situations (Authenticity), fostering critical thinking (Reflection), and promoting peer learning (Collaboration), as suggested by international surveys conducted in recent years by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and by the results of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). It is a dynamic environment in which students are called upon to “do history,” to interrogate sources, develop interpretations, and engage with different—even divergent—perspectives. From a didactic point of view, the exploration of the past through the personal writings of ordinary people, voices often marginal and marginalized, opens up broad possibilities for understanding human experiences and social dynamics unfolding within major historical events. For this approach to fully express its potential, it is essential that the teaching of history opens itself to the territory, understood as a diffuse archive and a network of relationships, fostering constant dialogue between school and community. Collaboration between educational and cultural institutions thus represents a crucial element for enriching the educational offer, connecting classroom learning with the historical and cultural heritage of the community—which in turn becomes a teaching tool—and promoting active and informed citizenship. Starting from these premises, the present research—considering the main educational proposals offered by various national cultural institutions—explores the potential of using popular writing materials to construct and communicate history, particularly in upper secondary education, by analysing methods and practices capable of promoting quality education. Subjective written testimonies, understood as cultural heritage, thus become the core of an educational process aimed at developing students’ ability to critically interpret the past through individual life experiences that function as pieces of a larger puzzle. In particular, Italian migration between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with its wealth of individual and collective stories, is adopted as a case study. The methodological approach centred on the enhancement of archival materials—archives perceived and experienced through the “eccentric” perspective of pedagogy with respect to the purely historical disciplinary field—opens up a valuable opportunity for comparison. The research focuses on the ways in which migrations are narrated and represented through the sources preserved within these specific archival contexts. The research pathway is structured around a methodology that first involves a critical survey and reflection on history didactics, also framed within the context of migration history, defining the purpose of the research and its specific objectives. A crucial aspect of the study is represented by the creation of territorial networks for the development of innovative learning pathways, of which the research itself was an integral part, particularly with regard to the synergy established between the Ligurian Archive of Popular Writing (ALSP), active within the Department of Primary Education Sciences of the University of Genoa, the University Museum System of Genoa (SMA), and the National Institute for Documentation, Innovation and Educational Research (INDIRE). The selection of primary sources took place within the ALSP and focused on four key phases of the migratory experience: the reasons for and preparations for departure, the journey and experiences on board, arrival and integration in the host country, and the possible return to the country of origin. The materials—ranging from letters and diaries to photographs and postcards—proved to be valuable and, in some respects, irreplaceable for reconstructing micro-histories and the lived experiences of migration protagonists. Once selected, the corpus of sources constituted the core for the creation of an educational pathway dedicated to the history of Italian migration, which in its experimental phase involved six upper secondary schools located in the Genoa area. The aim of this laboratory-based pathway, which also included the design of a game-based educational tool, MigraStorie, was to transform direct testimonies of the past into dynamic and engaging learning tools for younger generations. The analysis of data collected through pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, together with observations conducted during the laboratory activities, made it possible to reflect on the impact of the didactic experimentation in relation to prior and acquired knowledge, as well as on students’ skills and perceptions regarding the migratory phenomenon. The analysis of the results also allowed for the identification of good teaching practices, the collection of insights for future research and experimentation, and the delineation of the limits of this approach. Finally, the thesis aims to contribute to reflection on the ways in which history, narrated and experienced through direct testimonies, can become a tool for the education of new citizens.
L'insegnamento della storia rappresenta uno snodo nevralgico nel sistema educativo, uno “spazio” in cui si aprono orizzonti pedagogici e didattici oggetto di un’approfondita riflessione metodologica, determinata da domande sempre nuove sui processi storici legate alle istanze del presente. Le sfide partono infatti dalla percezione, diffusa tra i discenti, di una disciplina relegata al passato e distante dalle dinamiche – se non dalle criticità – del mondo contemporaneo: una presunta disconnessione che alimenta la necessità di rinnovamento delle metodologie didattiche tradizionali di insegnamento, che implica una riconsiderazione epistemologica della disciplina stessa, promuovendo una visione della storia a scuola – dalla primaria fino all’università – non come mero elenco di fatti conclusi, bensì come processo dinamico di interpretazione, analisi critica e costruzione di significati attualizzati. In un'epoca caratterizzata da rapidi cambiamenti sociali, culturali e tecnologici, interrogarsi sul ruolo e sul significato della storia in ambito educativo appare ineludibile. Abbiamo ancora bisogno della storia? Questa domanda, apparentemente retorica, sottende un dibattito vivace e di lungo periodo sull'importanza di comprendere il passato, di sviluppare un pensiero critico e costruire una coscienza collettiva consapevole. La risposta a tale interrogativo risiede, in parte, nella capacità di ripensare la narrazione della storia al fine di abbandonare una visione lineare e spesso eurocentrica – prospettiva che sembra invece riemergere dalle nuove Indicazioni nazionali di storia proposte dal Ministero dell’Istruzione e del Merito nel 2025 – e porre l'accento sulla pluralità delle voci, la complessità degli eventi e sull'interconnessione tra il locale e il globale, tra dimensione soggettiva e collettiva. In questo paradigma, il punto di vista culturale assume un ruolo centrale, permettendo di comprendere le mentalità, i valori e le pratiche delle società del passato e offrendo strumenti interpretativi più ricchi e sfaccettati per comprendere il presente. In tale contesto il laboratorio di storia si configura come uno spazio di apprendimento privilegiato per progettare materiali didattici coerenti a situazioni della vita reale (Autenticità), che favoriscano il pensiero critico (Riflessione) e promuovano l’apprendimento tra pari (Collaborazione), come suggerito dalle rilevazioni internazionali condotte negli ultimi anni dall’Organizzazione per la Sicurezza e la Cooperazione in Europa (OCSE), dall’Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l’Educazione, la Scienza e la Cultura, la Comunicazione e l’Informazione (UNESCO) e dai risultati dell’indagine Trends in International Mathematics and3 Science Study (TIMSS): un ambiente dinamico in cui gli studenti sono chiamati a "fare storia", a interrogare le fonti, a elaborare interpretazioni e a confrontarsi su prospettive differenti, perfino divergenti. L'esplorazione del passato attraverso le scritture personali di gente comune, voci spesso marginali e marginalizzate, dischiude ad esempio dal punto di vista didattico ampie possibilità di comprensione delle esperienze umane e delle dinamiche sociali che si sviluppano nel contesto dei grandi avvenimenti storici. Affinché tale approccio possa esprimere il suo potenziale è fondamentale che l’insegnamento della storia si apra al territorio, inteso come archivio diffuso e rete di relazioni, alimentando un dialogo costante tra scuola e comunità. La collaborazione tra istituzioni scolastiche e culturali rappresenta quindi un elemento cruciale per arricchire l'offerta formativa, per connettere l'apprendimento in aula con il patrimonio storico e culturale presente nella comunità – che diventa a sua volta strumento didattico – per promuovere una cittadinanza attiva e consapevole. Partendo da tali premesse, la presente ricerca – alla luce delle principali proposte didattiche offerte da varie istituzioni culturali nazionali – esplora le potenzialità dell’uso dei materiali di scrittura popolare per costruire e comunicare la storia, in particolar modo nella scuola secondaria di secondo grado, analizzando metodi e pratiche capaci di promuovere un'educazione di qualità. Le testimonianze scritte soggettive, intese come patrimonio culturale, divengono così il fulcro di un processo educativo che mira a sviluppare negli studenti la capacità di interpretare criticamente il passato, attraverso singoli vissuti che funzionano come tessere di un puzzle. In particolare, il fenomeno migratorio italiano tra Ottocento e Novecento, con la sua ricchezza di storie individuali e collettive, viene assunto come case study: l'approccio metodologico incentrato sulla valorizzazione dei materiali conservati in archivio – luogo percepito e vissuto attraverso la prospettiva “eccentrica” della pedagogia rispetto all’ambito disciplinare puramente storico – dischiude una preziosa opportunità di confronto e l'attenzione si è focalizzata sulle modalità attraverso le quali le migrazioni vengono narrate e rappresentate attraverso le fonti conservate all'interno di questi specifici contesti archivistici.–– Il percorso si articola seguendo una metodologia che prevede, in primo luogo, una ricognizione critica e una riflessione sulla didattica della storia, declinata anche nel contesto della storia delle migrazioni, definendo lo scopo della ricerca e gli obiettivi specifici prefissati. Un aspetto cruciale dello studio è rappresentato dalla creazione di reti territoriali per lo sviluppo di percorsi di apprendimento innovativi di cui il percorso di ricerca è stato parte integrante, soprattutto in relazione alla sinergia stabilita tra l'Archivio Ligure della Scrittura Popolare (ALSP) attivo nel Dipartimento di Scienze della Formazione primaria dell'Università di Genova, il Sistema Museale dell'Ateneo genovese (SMA) e l'Istituto Nazionale di Documentazione, Innovazione e Ricerca Educativa (INDIRE). 4 La selezione delle fonti primarie è avvenuta all’interno dall’ALSP e si è concentrata su quattro fasi chiave dell'esperienza migratoria: i motivi e i preparativi della partenza, il viaggio e le esperienze a bordo, l'arrivo e l'inclusione nel Paese di accoglienza, l'eventuale ritorno alla terra d'origine. I materiali, che spaziano da lettere a diari, da fotografie a cartoline, si sono rivelati preziosi e per certi aspetti insostituibili al fine di ricostruire le microstorie, il vissuto dei protagonisti delle migrazioni. Una volta selezionato, il corpus di fonti ha costituito il nucleo fondamentale per la realizzazione del percorso didattico dedicato alla storia delle migrazioni italiane, che ha visto nella sua fase sperimentale il coinvolgimento di sei istituti scolastici secondari di secondo grado dislocati sul territorio genovese. Scopo di questo percorso laboratoriale, che ha incluso anche la progettazione di uno strumento ludico-didattico, il MigraStorie, è stato trasformare le testimonianze dirette del passato in strumenti di apprendimento dinamici e coinvolgenti per le nuove generazioni. L’analisi dei dati raccolti attraverso questionari pre e post-intervento, unitamente alle osservazioni condotte in itinere durante il laboratorio, ha permesso di riflettere sull'impatto della sperimentazione didattica in riferimento alle conoscenze pregresse e acquisite, oltre che sulle competenze e le percezioni degli studenti nei confronti del fenomeno migratorio. L'analisi dei risultati ottenuti ha consentito inoltre di individuare buone pratiche didattiche, di raccogliere spunti per future ricerche e sperimentazioni, ma anche di delineare i limiti di tale approccio. La tesi si propone infine come contributo alla riflessione sulle modalità attraverso le quali la storia, raccontata e vissuta attraverso le testimonianze dirette, possa divenire uno strumento per la formazione dei nuovi cittadini.
Dall'archivio al laboratorio di storia: scritture migranti tra luoghi, percorsi e progetti didattici
PATUANO, CHIARA
2026
Abstract
The teaching of history represents a crucial junction within the educational system, a “space” in which pedagogical and didactic horizons open up to in-depth methodological reflection, shaped by ever-new questions about historical processes linked to the demands of the present. The challenges stem in fact from a widespread perception among students of history as a discipline relegated to the past and distant from the dynamics—if not the critical issues—of the contemporary world. This presumed disconnection fuels the need to renew traditional teaching methodologies, implying an epistemological reconsideration of the discipline itself and promoting a vision of history at school—from primary education to university—not as a mere list of concluded facts, but as a dynamic process of interpretation, critical analysis, and the construction of meanings relevant to the present. In an era marked by rapid social, cultural, and technological change, questioning the role and significance of history in education appears unavoidable. Do we still need history? This seemingly rhetorical question underlies a long-standing and lively debate on the importance of understanding the past, developing critical thinking, and building a conscious collective awareness. The answer lies partly in the ability to rethink historical narration in order to move beyond a linear and often Eurocentric perspective—a viewpoint that seems instead to re-emerge in the new National Guidelines for History proposed by the Italian Ministry of Education and Merit in 2025—and to emphasize the plurality of voices, the complexity of events, and the interconnection between the local and the global, between subjective and collective dimensions. Within this paradigm, the cultural perspective plays a central role, enabling an understanding of the mentalities, values, and practices of past societies and offering richer and more nuanced interpretative tools for understanding the present. In this context, the history laboratory emerges as a privileged learning space for designing teaching materials coherent with real-life situations (Authenticity), fostering critical thinking (Reflection), and promoting peer learning (Collaboration), as suggested by international surveys conducted in recent years by the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and by the results of the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). It is a dynamic environment in which students are called upon to “do history,” to interrogate sources, develop interpretations, and engage with different—even divergent—perspectives. From a didactic point of view, the exploration of the past through the personal writings of ordinary people, voices often marginal and marginalized, opens up broad possibilities for understanding human experiences and social dynamics unfolding within major historical events. For this approach to fully express its potential, it is essential that the teaching of history opens itself to the territory, understood as a diffuse archive and a network of relationships, fostering constant dialogue between school and community. Collaboration between educational and cultural institutions thus represents a crucial element for enriching the educational offer, connecting classroom learning with the historical and cultural heritage of the community—which in turn becomes a teaching tool—and promoting active and informed citizenship. Starting from these premises, the present research—considering the main educational proposals offered by various national cultural institutions—explores the potential of using popular writing materials to construct and communicate history, particularly in upper secondary education, by analysing methods and practices capable of promoting quality education. Subjective written testimonies, understood as cultural heritage, thus become the core of an educational process aimed at developing students’ ability to critically interpret the past through individual life experiences that function as pieces of a larger puzzle. In particular, Italian migration between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with its wealth of individual and collective stories, is adopted as a case study. The methodological approach centred on the enhancement of archival materials—archives perceived and experienced through the “eccentric” perspective of pedagogy with respect to the purely historical disciplinary field—opens up a valuable opportunity for comparison. The research focuses on the ways in which migrations are narrated and represented through the sources preserved within these specific archival contexts. The research pathway is structured around a methodology that first involves a critical survey and reflection on history didactics, also framed within the context of migration history, defining the purpose of the research and its specific objectives. A crucial aspect of the study is represented by the creation of territorial networks for the development of innovative learning pathways, of which the research itself was an integral part, particularly with regard to the synergy established between the Ligurian Archive of Popular Writing (ALSP), active within the Department of Primary Education Sciences of the University of Genoa, the University Museum System of Genoa (SMA), and the National Institute for Documentation, Innovation and Educational Research (INDIRE). The selection of primary sources took place within the ALSP and focused on four key phases of the migratory experience: the reasons for and preparations for departure, the journey and experiences on board, arrival and integration in the host country, and the possible return to the country of origin. The materials—ranging from letters and diaries to photographs and postcards—proved to be valuable and, in some respects, irreplaceable for reconstructing micro-histories and the lived experiences of migration protagonists. Once selected, the corpus of sources constituted the core for the creation of an educational pathway dedicated to the history of Italian migration, which in its experimental phase involved six upper secondary schools located in the Genoa area. The aim of this laboratory-based pathway, which also included the design of a game-based educational tool, MigraStorie, was to transform direct testimonies of the past into dynamic and engaging learning tools for younger generations. The analysis of data collected through pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, together with observations conducted during the laboratory activities, made it possible to reflect on the impact of the didactic experimentation in relation to prior and acquired knowledge, as well as on students’ skills and perceptions regarding the migratory phenomenon. The analysis of the results also allowed for the identification of good teaching practices, the collection of insights for future research and experimentation, and the delineation of the limits of this approach. Finally, the thesis aims to contribute to reflection on the ways in which history, narrated and experienced through direct testimonies, can become a tool for the education of new citizens.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/356293
URN:NBN:IT:UNIGE-356293