Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response to persistent bacterial lung infections, predominantly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). Despite the hostile environment resulting from CFTR dysfunction, Pa promotes sustained activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. While neutrophils and macrophages exert a detrimental pro-inflammatory effect, IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing Th17 lymphocytes appear to play a pivotal pathogenic role. However, the mechanisms linking Pa infection to the generation of lung-infiltrating IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing Th17 cells remain undefined. To address this, we analysed T cell subsets in blood and lung samples from people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) and non-CF patients by flow cytometry and we analysed the transcriptomic profile of the isolated subsets by RNA-Seq. Their pathogenic activity was evaluated using lung epithelial cell co-cultures by immunofluorescence and cytokine measurement. Furthermore, a library of Pa clinical isolates was used to assess the Pa-dependent immune response, and an antigen-dependent assay was employed to investigate whether Pa directly induced the trans-differentiation of ex vivo cTh17 into pathogenic IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing cells. Our data revealed that pathogenic IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing cells (Th1/17+ and pTh17) were significantly enriched in the lungs of pwCF chronically infected with Pa, whereas protective Th1 and cTh17 cells were reduced. Transcriptomic comparison highlighted unique molecular signatures of lung-infiltrating pathogenic subsets. Functionally, Th1/17+ and pTh17 cells, but not cTh17 cells, mediated epithelial damage in vitro. Compared with the laboratory strain PAO1, clinical Pa isolates induced stronger release of IL-1β and IL-23 from dendritic cells, promoting IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing T cells differentiation. Notably, the skewing of IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing cells from cTh17 was strongly driven by clinical isolates, with no significant differences between early and late isolates. During this process, IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing cells showed increased expression of the transcription factors CEBP-δ and PPAR-γ, consistent with transcriptomic data from pwCF lungs. Altogether, our findings indicate that Pa infection of dendritic cells drives the generation of pathogenic IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing T cells, together with their transcriptional reprogramming. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of Pa-dependent generation of pathogenic T cells may uncover bacterial and immunological targets exploitable for novel therapeutic strategies in CF.
La fibrosi cistica (CF) è una malattia genetica caratterizzata da una risposta infiammatoria cronica ed eccessiva a infezioni polmonari persistenti, prevalentemente causate da Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). Nonostante l’ambiente polmonare ostile generato dalla disfunzione del CFTR, Pa è in grado promuovere una costante attivazione del sistema immunitario innato e adattativo. Infatti, oltre al ruolo pro-infiammatorio dannoso di neutrofili e macrofagi, i linfociti Th1/17 co-produttori di IFN-γ/IL-17 sembrano avere un ruolo patogenico cardine nella CF. Nonostante ciò, la connessione tra l’infezione di Pa e la generazione dei linfociti co-produttori di IFNγ/IL-17 non è mai stata caratterizzata. A tal fine, abbiamo analizzato e isolato i subset di linfociti T da campioni di sangue e polmone di pazienti con CF e di pazienti non-CF mediante citofluorimetria, ed è stato analizzato il profilo trascrittomico dei subset isolati tramite RNA-Seq. La loro attività patogenica è stata valutata utilizzando co-colture di cellule epiteliali polmonari tramite immunofluorescenza e dosaggio delle citochine. Inoltre, è stata utilizzata una libreria di isolati clinici di P. aeruginosa per valutare la risposta infiammatoria mediata da Pa, e un saggio di antigen-specificity per indagare se Pa inducesse direttamente il trans-differenziamento dei linfociti protettivi cTh17 in patogenici co-produttori di IFNγ/IL-17. I nostri dati dimostrano che i subsets patogenici (Th1/17+ e pTh17) sono significativamente e selettivamente arricchiti nei polmoni dei pazienti CF cronicamente infetti da Pa, al contrario i Th1 e cTh17 protettivi sono significativamente ridotti. L’analisi comparativa dei dati di trascrittomica ha rivelato un profilo molecolare distinto e specifico subset patogenici infiltranti il polmone. Inoltre, i linfociti patogenici Th1/17+ e pTh17, ma non i protettivi cTh17, inducono un danno epiteliale diretto in vitro. Rispetto al ceppo di laboratorio PAO1, i ceppi clinici di Pa inducono il rilascio significativamente maggiore di IL-1β e IL-23 dalle cellule dendritiche, correlate al differenziamento dei subset patogenici. Inoltre, il trans-differenziamento dei linfociti patogenici co-produttori di IFN-γ/IL-17 dai linfociti cTh17 è notevolmente promosso dai ceppi clinici di Pa, senza differenze tra ceppi precoci e tardivi. Nel corso del trans-differenziamento, i linfociti co-produttori di IFN-γ/IL-17 aumentano l’espressione dei fattori di trascrizione CEBP-δ e PPAR-γ, coerentemente con i risultati dall’analisi trascrittomica. Nel complesso, i nostri risultati indicano che i ceppi clinici di Pa promuovono la generazione dei linfociti co-produttori di IFN-γ/IL-17 patogenici, inducendo inoltre una riprogrammazione trascrittomica. Decifrare i meccanismi molecolari alla base della generazione dei linfociti patogenici, dipendente da Pa, potrebbe portare alla scoperta di cruciali bersagli batterici e immunologici che potrebbero essere utilizzati per lo sviluppo di nuove strategie terapeutiche più efficaci nella CF.
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEENP. AERUGINOSA AND DENDRITIC CELLS TRIGGERING THE DIFFERENTIATION OF PATHOGENIC TH1/17 CELLS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS.
CONTE, GIANMARCO
2026
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease characterized by an exaggerated inflammatory response to persistent bacterial lung infections, predominantly caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). Despite the hostile environment resulting from CFTR dysfunction, Pa promotes sustained activation of both innate and adaptive immunity. While neutrophils and macrophages exert a detrimental pro-inflammatory effect, IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing Th17 lymphocytes appear to play a pivotal pathogenic role. However, the mechanisms linking Pa infection to the generation of lung-infiltrating IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing Th17 cells remain undefined. To address this, we analysed T cell subsets in blood and lung samples from people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) and non-CF patients by flow cytometry and we analysed the transcriptomic profile of the isolated subsets by RNA-Seq. Their pathogenic activity was evaluated using lung epithelial cell co-cultures by immunofluorescence and cytokine measurement. Furthermore, a library of Pa clinical isolates was used to assess the Pa-dependent immune response, and an antigen-dependent assay was employed to investigate whether Pa directly induced the trans-differentiation of ex vivo cTh17 into pathogenic IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing cells. Our data revealed that pathogenic IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing cells (Th1/17+ and pTh17) were significantly enriched in the lungs of pwCF chronically infected with Pa, whereas protective Th1 and cTh17 cells were reduced. Transcriptomic comparison highlighted unique molecular signatures of lung-infiltrating pathogenic subsets. Functionally, Th1/17+ and pTh17 cells, but not cTh17 cells, mediated epithelial damage in vitro. Compared with the laboratory strain PAO1, clinical Pa isolates induced stronger release of IL-1β and IL-23 from dendritic cells, promoting IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing T cells differentiation. Notably, the skewing of IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing cells from cTh17 was strongly driven by clinical isolates, with no significant differences between early and late isolates. During this process, IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing cells showed increased expression of the transcription factors CEBP-δ and PPAR-γ, consistent with transcriptomic data from pwCF lungs. Altogether, our findings indicate that Pa infection of dendritic cells drives the generation of pathogenic IFNγ/IL-17 co-producing T cells, together with their transcriptional reprogramming. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of Pa-dependent generation of pathogenic T cells may uncover bacterial and immunological targets exploitable for novel therapeutic strategies in CF.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/356298
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-356298