Introduction: Nipple-areola complex (NAC) tattooing is a critical technique for aesthetic breast reconstruction following cancer surgery that offers high patient satisfaction, reduced costs, fewer complications and shorter waiting times compared to surgical alternatives. Although this treatment is provided free of charge in Italy as part of essential care, access is limited by a lack of in-clinic services, leaving patients with no choice but to seek expensive private care. It is hypothesized that developing a dedicated, nurse-led service would reduce the burden on women's care journeys and have a multifaceted positive impact on patients, professionals, and the organization, enabling completion of the breast cancer care pathway in a sustainable manner. Methods: This project aimed to develop and evaluate the feasibility of a nurse-led NAC tattooing service for patients who have undergone breast cancer surgery at Azienda USL-IRCCS in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Following the Medical Research Council's framework for complex interventions, the research employed a multi-phase health services methodology. Work Package 1 (WP1) involved developing the intervention, including conducting a scoping review and a context analysis with patient associations and professionals to develop the initial activity plan. WP2, the feasibility and evaluation phase, used an observational mixed-methods study to assess: Endpoint 1 (organizational sustainability), Endpoint 2 (cosmetic outcome), Endpoint 3 (professionals' perceptions), and Endpoint 4 (tattooed women's perceptions). Results: WP1 confirmed the relevance of research on NAC tattooing in helping women redefine their identity after treatment and emphasized the need for further process and outcome studies. The context examination successfully identified the necessary resources and professionals, as well as the initial procedure. WP2 demonstrated that the nurse-led clinic, ARCADE, is a feasible complex intervention. Analysis of Endpoint 1 (N = 33 participants) showed standard timing and materials, confirming organizational sustainability and satisfactory cosmetic results, with no adverse events. The analysis of 22 NAC photo sets conducted by experts for Endpoint 2, revealed high mean scores in a 1-5 Likert scale: color similarity (4.7), symmetry (4.8), and 3D effect (4.7), demonstrating excellent quality. For Endpoint 3, five professionals were interviewed: they highlighted the importance of resource availability, motivation, and establishing a community/professional network. For Endpoint 4, ten patients were interviewed: they identified accessibility and validity as key strengths of the service. A positive impact on their body image perception emerged. This intervention helped women to develop a new perspective on their identity, fostering a sense of normality and confidence and having a positive impact on their ability to cope with their past illness. Discussion: The ARCADE project demonstrated the value of health service research in creating a customized care model focused on multiple outcomes, including professional value. Preliminary findings suggest that improving body image perception facilitates social functioning and psychological recovery from the impact of disease and medical treatment. Further studies are required to confirm these findings. Future challenges include ensuring dedicated personnel, improving team coordination, and reconciling long-term sustainability with high-level performance. Conclusion: The nurse-led ARCADE clinic successfully addressed a significant gap in patient care, proving to be valid, safe and equally accessible. It plays a vital role in the psychosocial recovery process for breast cancer survivors, as it completes the breast cancer care pathway.
Il tatuaggio del complesso areola-capezzolo è una tecnica fondamentale per la ricostruzione dopo un intervento chirurgico per cancro al seno che offre un elevato grado di soddisfazione delle pazienti, costi ridotti, e minori complicanze. Sebbene questo trattamento sia previsto in Italia come parte delle cure essenziali, l'accesso è limitato dalla mancanza di servizi clinici, con elevati costi per le pazienti. Si ipotizza che lo sviluppo di un servizio dedicato, gestito da infermieri, avrebbe un impatto positivo sulle pazienti, sui professionisti e sull'organizzazione, consentendo il completamento del percorso di cura. Questo progetto mira a sviluppare e valutare la fattibilità di un servizio di dermopigmentazione gestito da infermieri per le pazienti che hanno subito un intervento chirurgico per il cancro al seno presso l'Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia. Il quadro di riferimento è quello del Medical Research Council per gli interventi complessi. Il Work Package 1 (WP1) ha comportato lo sviluppo dell'intervento, compresa la conduzione di una revisione della letteratura di ambito e un'analisi del contesto. Il WP2, la fase di fattibilità e valutazione, ha utilizzato uno studio osservazionale con metodi misti per valutare: Endpoint 1 (sostenibilità organizzativa), Endpoint 2 (risultato estetico), Endpoint 3 (percezioni dei professionisti) ed Endpoint 4 (percezioni delle donne). WP1 ha confermato la rilevanza dell’intervento nell'aiutare le donne a ridefinire la propria identità, e ha sottolineato la necessità di ulteriori studi. L'esame del contesto ha identificato le risorse, i professionisti necessari, e la procedura iniziale. Il WP2 ha dimostrato che la clinica ARCADE è un intervento complesso fattibile. L'analisi dell'Endpoint 1 (N = 33 partecipanti) ha mostrato tempi e materiali standard, confermando la sostenibilità organizzativa e risultati estetici soddisfacenti. L'analisi di 22 set di foto di trattamenti completati condotta da esperti per l'Endpoint 2 ha rivelato punteggi medi elevati in una scala Likert da 1 a 5: somiglianza del colore (4,7), simmetria (4,8) ed effetto 3D (4,7), dimostrando un'eccellente qualità. Per l'Endpoint 3, sono stati intervistati cinque professionisti: essi hanno sottolineato l'importanza della disponibilità di risorse, della motivazione e della creazione di una rete comunitaria/professionale. Per l'Endpoint 4, sono stati intervistati dieci pazienti: essi hanno identificato l'accessibilità e la validità come punti di forza chiave del servizio. È emerso un impatto positivo sulla loro percezione dell'immagine corporea. Questo intervento ha aiutato le donne a sviluppare una nuova prospettiva sulla loro identità, favorendo un senso di normalità e fiducia e avendo un impatto positivo sulla loro capacità di affrontare la malattia passata. Il progetto ARCADE ha dimostrato il valore della ricerca sui servizi sanitari nella creazione di un modello di assistenza personalizzato. I risultati preliminari suggeriscono che il miglioramento della percezione dell'immagine corporea facilita il funzionamento sociale e il recupero psicologico dall'impatto della malattia e delle cure mediche. Sono necessari ulteriori studi per confermare questi risultati. Le sfide future includono la formazione del personale, il coordinamento, e la sostenibilità a lungo termine. La clinica ARCADE ha colmato con successo una lacuna significativa nell'assistenza ai pazienti, dimostrandosi valida, sicura e accessibile. Svolge un ruolo fondamentale nel processo di recupero psicosociale e completa il percorso di cura del cancro al seno.
Un ambulatorio di dermopigmentazione a gestione infermieristica dopo il tumore al seno: sviluppo e fattibilità di un intervento complesso nell'ambito della ricerca sui servizi sanitari
MASELLI, DEBORAH
2026
Abstract
Introduction: Nipple-areola complex (NAC) tattooing is a critical technique for aesthetic breast reconstruction following cancer surgery that offers high patient satisfaction, reduced costs, fewer complications and shorter waiting times compared to surgical alternatives. Although this treatment is provided free of charge in Italy as part of essential care, access is limited by a lack of in-clinic services, leaving patients with no choice but to seek expensive private care. It is hypothesized that developing a dedicated, nurse-led service would reduce the burden on women's care journeys and have a multifaceted positive impact on patients, professionals, and the organization, enabling completion of the breast cancer care pathway in a sustainable manner. Methods: This project aimed to develop and evaluate the feasibility of a nurse-led NAC tattooing service for patients who have undergone breast cancer surgery at Azienda USL-IRCCS in Reggio Emilia, Italy. Following the Medical Research Council's framework for complex interventions, the research employed a multi-phase health services methodology. Work Package 1 (WP1) involved developing the intervention, including conducting a scoping review and a context analysis with patient associations and professionals to develop the initial activity plan. WP2, the feasibility and evaluation phase, used an observational mixed-methods study to assess: Endpoint 1 (organizational sustainability), Endpoint 2 (cosmetic outcome), Endpoint 3 (professionals' perceptions), and Endpoint 4 (tattooed women's perceptions). Results: WP1 confirmed the relevance of research on NAC tattooing in helping women redefine their identity after treatment and emphasized the need for further process and outcome studies. The context examination successfully identified the necessary resources and professionals, as well as the initial procedure. WP2 demonstrated that the nurse-led clinic, ARCADE, is a feasible complex intervention. Analysis of Endpoint 1 (N = 33 participants) showed standard timing and materials, confirming organizational sustainability and satisfactory cosmetic results, with no adverse events. The analysis of 22 NAC photo sets conducted by experts for Endpoint 2, revealed high mean scores in a 1-5 Likert scale: color similarity (4.7), symmetry (4.8), and 3D effect (4.7), demonstrating excellent quality. For Endpoint 3, five professionals were interviewed: they highlighted the importance of resource availability, motivation, and establishing a community/professional network. For Endpoint 4, ten patients were interviewed: they identified accessibility and validity as key strengths of the service. A positive impact on their body image perception emerged. This intervention helped women to develop a new perspective on their identity, fostering a sense of normality and confidence and having a positive impact on their ability to cope with their past illness. Discussion: The ARCADE project demonstrated the value of health service research in creating a customized care model focused on multiple outcomes, including professional value. Preliminary findings suggest that improving body image perception facilitates social functioning and psychological recovery from the impact of disease and medical treatment. Further studies are required to confirm these findings. Future challenges include ensuring dedicated personnel, improving team coordination, and reconciling long-term sustainability with high-level performance. Conclusion: The nurse-led ARCADE clinic successfully addressed a significant gap in patient care, proving to be valid, safe and equally accessible. It plays a vital role in the psychosocial recovery process for breast cancer survivors, as it completes the breast cancer care pathway.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/356596
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-356596