Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain and widespread neurovascular dysfunction. Despite significant advances in neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, there is an urgent need for a reliable, non-invasive, and easily applicable biomarker, particularly for the preclinical and early stages of the disease. The retina shares the same embryologic origin and histological characteristics as the brain, making it an accessible and representative extension of the central nervous system. Microvascular alterations of the retina and choriocapillaris, similar to those described in cerebral tissue, have been reported in Alzheimer’s patients, suggesting that ocular imaging may serve as an early indicator of cerebral neurodegenerative processes. Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze, through Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA), the morphological and functional characteristics of the retinal and choriocapillaris microvasculature in patients with early Alzheimer’s disease, in order to identify possible vascular alterations compared with age-matched healthy controls. Methods: A total of 18 patients with early Alzheimer’s disease (study group) and 18 healthy age-matched subjects (control group) were enrolled. All participants underwent a comprehensive neurologic and neuropsychological assessment, including standardized cognitive tests, as well as a full ophthalmologic examination with high-resolution OCTA scans. Quantitative analyses focused on the vessel density of the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses and on the choriocapillaris flow area, calculated within an automatically generated fovea-centered circular region. Results: A significant reduction of the choriocapillaris flow area was observed in the Alzheimer’s group compared with healthy controls (p = 0.006), indicating impaired choriocapillaris perfusion in the early stages of the disease. Although differences in retinal capillary plexuses did not reach statistical significance, a trend toward decreased superficial capillary density was noted, consistent with an evolving microvascular impairment. Conclusions: These findings provide further evidence of retinal and choroidal microvascular involvement in Alzheimer’s disease. OCTA emerges as a promising, non-invasive diagnostic tool capable of detecting early vascular changes associated with neurodegeneration. Future research involving larger cohorts, longitudinal designs, and advanced OCTA software is warranted to further clarify the role of these vascular alterations as potential biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, and to explore their application in clinical screening and disease monitoring.
La malattia di Alzheimer (AD) è una patologia neurodegenerativa progressiva caratterizzata dall’accumulo di β-amiloide nel parenchima cerebrale e da alterazioni neurovascolari diffuse. Nonostante i progressi nella diagnostica per immagini e nei biomarcatori liquorali, rimane urgente l’esigenza di individuare un marcatore affidabile, non invasivo e facilmente applicabile nella pratica clinica, in particolare nelle fasi precliniche e iniziali della malattia. Poiché la retina condivide con il cervello la stessa origine embriologica e caratteristiche istologiche simili, essa rappresenta una finestra privilegiata sul sistema nervoso centrale. Alterazioni microvascolari retiniche e della coriocapillare, analoghe a quelle osservate nel tessuto cerebrale, sono state descritte in soggetti affetti da Alzheimer, suggerendo che l’imaging oculare possa riflettere precocemente i processi neurodegenerativi cerebrali. Scopo del presente studio è stato quello di analizzare, mediante Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA), le caratteristiche morfologiche e funzionali della microvascolarizzazione retinica e della coriocapillare in pazienti affetti da Alzheimer in fase precoce, al fine di valutare la presenza di alterazioni vascolari significative rispetto a soggetti sani di controllo. Sono stati arruolati 18 pazienti con diagnosi di Alzheimer precoce (gruppo di studio) e 18 soggetti sani di età comparabile (gruppo di controllo). Tutti i partecipanti sono stati sottoposti a una valutazione neurologica e neuropsicologica completa, comprendente test cognitivi standardizzati, e a un esame oftalmologico approfondito con acquisizione di scansioni OCTA ad alta risoluzione. Le analisi si sono focalizzate sulla densità vascolare dei plessi capillari retinici e sull’area di flusso della coriocapillare, utilizzando un’area foveale automatizzata centrata sulla macula. L’analisi statistica ha mostrato una riduzione significativa dell’area di flusso della coriocapillare nei pazienti con Alzheimer precoce rispetto ai soggetti di controllo (p = 0,006), indicativa di un’alterazione della perfusione coroideale nelle fasi iniziali della malattia. Sebbene le modificazioni nei plessi capillari retinici non abbiano raggiunto la significatività statistica, si è osservata una tendenza alla riduzione della densità vascolare superficiale, coerente con un quadro di compromissione microcircolatoria progressiva. I risultati ottenuti forniscono ulteriori evidenze del coinvolgimento della microvascolarizzazione retinica e coroideale nella malattia di Alzheimer. L’OCTA emerge come una metodica diagnostica promettente e non invasiva, capace di rilevare precocemente alterazioni vascolari correlate al processo neurodegenerativo. Ulteriori studi con campioni più ampi, disegni longitudinali e software OCTA di nuova generazione sono necessari per definire con maggiore precisione il ruolo di tali modificazioni vascolari come biomarcatori di Alzheimer e per valutare il loro potenziale impiego nello screening e nel monitoraggio clinico della malattia.
Alterazioni microvascolari retiniche e coriocapillari nei pazienti con early Alzheimer: potenzialità diagnostiche dell’OCTA
DI PIPPO, MARIACHIARA
2026
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid in the brain and widespread neurovascular dysfunction. Despite significant advances in neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, there is an urgent need for a reliable, non-invasive, and easily applicable biomarker, particularly for the preclinical and early stages of the disease. The retina shares the same embryologic origin and histological characteristics as the brain, making it an accessible and representative extension of the central nervous system. Microvascular alterations of the retina and choriocapillaris, similar to those described in cerebral tissue, have been reported in Alzheimer’s patients, suggesting that ocular imaging may serve as an early indicator of cerebral neurodegenerative processes. Objective: The aim of the present study was to analyze, through Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA), the morphological and functional characteristics of the retinal and choriocapillaris microvasculature in patients with early Alzheimer’s disease, in order to identify possible vascular alterations compared with age-matched healthy controls. Methods: A total of 18 patients with early Alzheimer’s disease (study group) and 18 healthy age-matched subjects (control group) were enrolled. All participants underwent a comprehensive neurologic and neuropsychological assessment, including standardized cognitive tests, as well as a full ophthalmologic examination with high-resolution OCTA scans. Quantitative analyses focused on the vessel density of the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexuses and on the choriocapillaris flow area, calculated within an automatically generated fovea-centered circular region. Results: A significant reduction of the choriocapillaris flow area was observed in the Alzheimer’s group compared with healthy controls (p = 0.006), indicating impaired choriocapillaris perfusion in the early stages of the disease. Although differences in retinal capillary plexuses did not reach statistical significance, a trend toward decreased superficial capillary density was noted, consistent with an evolving microvascular impairment. Conclusions: These findings provide further evidence of retinal and choroidal microvascular involvement in Alzheimer’s disease. OCTA emerges as a promising, non-invasive diagnostic tool capable of detecting early vascular changes associated with neurodegeneration. Future research involving larger cohorts, longitudinal designs, and advanced OCTA software is warranted to further clarify the role of these vascular alterations as potential biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease, and to explore their application in clinical screening and disease monitoring.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/357566
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-357566