Casien KInase 1 is a ser/ther kinase family, which includes six isoforms. This PhD thesis focused on δ isoform (CK1δ), that plays a crucial role in several physiological processes. Dysregulation of CK1δ activity has been associated with various pathological conditions, including cancer, circadian rhythm disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, CK1δ has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), all characterized by abnoral protein hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, that leads to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. For these reasons, CK1δ represents an attractive therapeutic target for the development of both therapeutic tools and chemical probes to investigate the enzyme mechanism of action. In this thesis, a series of pyrazine-based inhibitors of CK1δ that could serve as potential treatment of neurodegeneration were developed. An initial screening of in-house compounds highlighted several pyrazine derivatives of interest, particularly one bearing two fluorophenyl groups at positions 5 and 6 of the pyrazine scaffold. Following preliminary structural optimization at position 5, where various substituted aryl groups were introduced, a new hit compound (compound V) was identified, bearing a pyridine moiety at position 5 and achieving an IC₅₀ of 110 nM. Subsequent optimization focused on position 3, where the introduction of diverse amine substituents yielded several potent compounds with nanomolar inhibitory activity. The role of the amino group at position 2 was explored by the introduction mono- and dimethyl substituents. These derivatives remained active but displayed reduced potency compared to their free amino analogues. Finally, position 6 was investigated to identify alternatives to the para-fluorophenyl substituent, while maintaining the most promising groups at the other positions. Although several active compounds were obtained, none of the newly optimized derivatives displayied significantly enhanced activities compared to the derivatives containing the 4-fluorophenyl substituent.After completing the SAR studies, four promising derivatives, along with the parent compound, were selected for an in-depth multidisciplinary characterization. ATP-competition assays confirmed the hypothesized ATP-competitive binding mode, while biophysical analysis demonstrated strong target affinities via thermal shift assays (TSA). Kinetic characterization, particularly through Grating-Coupled Interferometry (GCI), revealed one compound as a tight binder with a very slow dissociation rate. Co-crystallization experiments provided valuable structural insights into the ligand–protein interactions, guiding future compounds design. Selectivity within the kinome of the most promising compounds was evaluated and compound 20 exhibited an excellent selectivity profile. From a pharmacokinetic perspective, PAMPA assays showed that all selected compounds displayed moderate to good passive permeability across the blood–brain barrier while microsomal stability assays indicated good clearance profiles for compounds 20 and 21 in mouse liver microsomes. From the biological point of view, all the selected compounds demonstrated a favorable safety profile on the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Moreover, in an in vitro ALS model using the same cell line, the compounds effectively reduced phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) levels, a key hallmark of ALS pathology. Consistent results were obtained in vivo on drosophilae where the experiments show again a marked reduction in pTDP-43 levels, along with increased animal lifespan and recovery in motility functions. In summary these compounds represent valuable tools to investigate the biological effects of CK1δ and promising leads for the development of therapeutics targeting neurodegenerative disorders.
La Casein Kinase 1 (CK1) è una chinasi Ser/Thr che comprende sei isoforme. Il progetto di tesi si concentra sull’isoforma δ (CK1δ), la quale svolge un ruolo cruciale in numerosi processi fisiologici. La deregolazione dell’attività di CK1δ è stata associata a diverse condizioni patologiche, tra cui tumori, disturbi del ritmo circadiano e malattie neurodegenerative. In particolare, CK1δ è implicata nella malattia di Alzheimer (AD), nel morbo di Parkinson (PD) e nella sclerosi laterale amiotrofica (SLA), tutte caratterizzate da un’anomala iperfosforilazione proteica e da fenomeni di aggregazione che portano a processi neuroinfiammatori e neurodegenerativi. Per queste ragioni, CK1δ rappresenta un bersaglio terapeutico di grande interesse sia per lo sviluppo di potenziali agenti terapeutici sia come chemical probe per studiare il meccanismo d’azione dell’enzima. In questa tesi è stata sviluppata una serie di inibitori di CK1δ basati sullo scaffold pirazinico, l'idea deriva da uno screening iniziale di composti che ha individuato diversi derivati pirazinici di interesse, in particolare uno contenente due gruppi fluorofenilici nelle posizioni 5 e 6 dello scaffold. Dopo un’ottimizzazione preliminare della struttura in posizione 5, con l’introduzione di diversi sostituenti arilici, è stato identificato un nuovo composto capostipite (composto V) caratterizzato dalla presenza di un gruppo piridinico in posizione 5 e da un’IC₅₀ di 110 nM. Successive modifiche strutturali si sono concentrate sulla posizione 3, dove l’introduzione di differenti ammine ha portato a composti altamente potenti, con attività nell’ordine nanomolare. Il ruolo del gruppo amminico in posizione 2 è stato valutato mediante l’introduzione di sostituenti mono- e dimetilici: che hanno mantenuto una buona attività ma con una potenza inferiore rispetto agli analoghi con ammina libera. Infine, la posizione 6 è stata esplorata per individuare alternative al gruppo p-fluorofenile, mantenendo le sostituzioni più promettenti nelle altre posizioni. Sebbene siano stati ottenuti composti attivi, nessuno ha mostrato attività significativamente superiore a quella dei derivati con il gruppo 4-fluorofenile. Completati gli studi di relazione struttura–attività (SAR), quattro derivati promettenti, insieme al composto capostipite, sono stati selezionati per una caratterizzazione multidisciplinare approfondita. I saggi di competizione con ATP hanno confermato il meccanismo di legame ATP-competitivo ipotizzato, mentre le analisi biofisiche come i TSA e GCI hanno dimostrato una forte affinità verso il target. Gli esperimenti di co-cristallizzazione hanno fornito importanti informazioni strutturali sulle interazioni ligando–proteina, utili per la progettazione di composti futuri. Inoltre, la valutazione della selettività all’interno della famiglia delle chinasi ha mostrato che il composto 20 possiede un eccellente profilo di selettività. Dal punto di vista farmacocinetico, i saggi PAMPA hanno evidenziato una permeabilità moderata-buona attraverso la barriera ematoencefalica, mentre i test di stabilità microsomiale hanno mostrato un buon profilo di clearance per i composti 20 e 21 nei microsomi epatici di topo. Sotto il profilo biologico, tutti i composti selezionati hanno mostrato di non essere tossici sulla linea cellulare di neuroblastoma umano SH-SY5Y. Inoltre, in un modello in vitro di SLA basato sulla stessa linea cellulare, i composti hanno ridotto efficacemente i livelli di TDP-43 fosforilata (pTDP-43), un marcatore chiave della patologia. Risultati coerenti sono stati ottenuti in vivo su Drosophila, dove i trattamenti hanno determinato una marcata riduzione dei livelli di pTDP-43, un aumento della sopravvivenza e un miglioramento delle funzioni motorie.
Studio dello Scaffold Pirazinico per lo Sviluppo di Inibitori della Casein Chinasi 1δ
TREVISAN, LETIZIA
2026
Abstract
Casien KInase 1 is a ser/ther kinase family, which includes six isoforms. This PhD thesis focused on δ isoform (CK1δ), that plays a crucial role in several physiological processes. Dysregulation of CK1δ activity has been associated with various pathological conditions, including cancer, circadian rhythm disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, CK1δ has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), all characterized by abnoral protein hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, that leads to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes. For these reasons, CK1δ represents an attractive therapeutic target for the development of both therapeutic tools and chemical probes to investigate the enzyme mechanism of action. In this thesis, a series of pyrazine-based inhibitors of CK1δ that could serve as potential treatment of neurodegeneration were developed. An initial screening of in-house compounds highlighted several pyrazine derivatives of interest, particularly one bearing two fluorophenyl groups at positions 5 and 6 of the pyrazine scaffold. Following preliminary structural optimization at position 5, where various substituted aryl groups were introduced, a new hit compound (compound V) was identified, bearing a pyridine moiety at position 5 and achieving an IC₅₀ of 110 nM. Subsequent optimization focused on position 3, where the introduction of diverse amine substituents yielded several potent compounds with nanomolar inhibitory activity. The role of the amino group at position 2 was explored by the introduction mono- and dimethyl substituents. These derivatives remained active but displayed reduced potency compared to their free amino analogues. Finally, position 6 was investigated to identify alternatives to the para-fluorophenyl substituent, while maintaining the most promising groups at the other positions. Although several active compounds were obtained, none of the newly optimized derivatives displayied significantly enhanced activities compared to the derivatives containing the 4-fluorophenyl substituent.After completing the SAR studies, four promising derivatives, along with the parent compound, were selected for an in-depth multidisciplinary characterization. ATP-competition assays confirmed the hypothesized ATP-competitive binding mode, while biophysical analysis demonstrated strong target affinities via thermal shift assays (TSA). Kinetic characterization, particularly through Grating-Coupled Interferometry (GCI), revealed one compound as a tight binder with a very slow dissociation rate. Co-crystallization experiments provided valuable structural insights into the ligand–protein interactions, guiding future compounds design. Selectivity within the kinome of the most promising compounds was evaluated and compound 20 exhibited an excellent selectivity profile. From a pharmacokinetic perspective, PAMPA assays showed that all selected compounds displayed moderate to good passive permeability across the blood–brain barrier while microsomal stability assays indicated good clearance profiles for compounds 20 and 21 in mouse liver microsomes. From the biological point of view, all the selected compounds demonstrated a favorable safety profile on the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Moreover, in an in vitro ALS model using the same cell line, the compounds effectively reduced phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) levels, a key hallmark of ALS pathology. Consistent results were obtained in vivo on drosophilae where the experiments show again a marked reduction in pTDP-43 levels, along with increased animal lifespan and recovery in motility functions. In summary these compounds represent valuable tools to investigate the biological effects of CK1δ and promising leads for the development of therapeutics targeting neurodegenerative disorders.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Trevisan Letizia_PhD Thesis_definitive.pdf
accesso aperto
Licenza:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
7.69 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
7.69 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/357737
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-357737