Microplastics (MP, <1 mm) have emerged as a global environmental issue, raising concern due to their potential threat to biodiversity. In the Mediterranean Sea, MP have been detected from surface water to deep sediments, affecting marine invertebrates through multiple pathways. Despite several studies have dealt with MP uptake and impacts in different trophic levels, knowledge on a range of ecologically relevant marine organisms remains limited. Whitin this PhD thesis, critical insights on the occurrence and adverse effects of MP contamination in overlooked pelagic and benthic invertebrates are provided. Mediterranean key species from the water column and seafloor were selected based on their ecological relevance, habitat representativeness, trophic position and potential susceptibility to MP ingestion, including jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo and Pelagia noctiluca), ctenophores (Mnemiopsis leidyi) and polychaetes (Hermodice carunculata). To advance the assessment of MP abundance in marine biota, a green and time-cost effective protocol for isolating MP from whole specimens of marine invertebrates was developed. The protocol demonstrated high efficiency in removing organic matter, ensuring high MP recoveries without compromising polymer integrity. Its reliability was confirmed through successful application to organisms with different body composition, from water-based (jellyfish) to more complex organisms, rich in lipids and chitinous structures (polychaetes), enabling a comprehensive evaluation of MP content in wild specimens. Results show high levels of MP, mainly represented by microfibres, in both gelatinous zooplankton and benthic polychaetes, with contamination patterns reflecting their ecological niches and feeding strategies. These findings highlight the vulnerability of those species to MP ingestion and suggest that, due to their trophic position, they may facilitate the transfer of MP through marine food webs. Furthermore, such evidence enhances our current understanding of their value as bioindicators for assessing MP contamination in coastal and seafloor habitats. Laboratory experiments were conducted to explore internalization and/or biological responses to MP under controlled conditions. For gelatinous zooplankton, the suitability of the scyphomedusa P. noctiluca (ephyra stage) for ecotoxicity tests was first explored by evaluating lethal and sub-lethal effects in response to surfactants as reference toxicants. Then, short-term exposure to increasing concentrations (0.1–1–10 mg/L) of both standard polystyrene microbeads (10 µm) and high-density polyethylene irregular fragments (25.4 ± 1.4 μm) derived from environmental samples was carried out to investigate MP uptake and effects on organism fitness. MP internalization was confirmed at the highest concentration tested as well as swimming alterations. These results shed new light on the potential risks of MP to jellyfish early life stages, contributing to a better understanding of the ecological implications in pelagic communities. Pilot bench-scale experiments with H. carunculata were additionally setup to elucidate MP ingestion and egestion rates, using fluorescently labelled polystyrene microbeads as proxy. The contribution of indirect MP ingestion through contaminated prey by this voracious benthic predator was demonstrated. Although MP retention was minimal, they were covered by faecal material and biofilm, providing new evidence on potential fluxes of MP through benthic communities. Overall, the data advance our understanding of MP contamination in both jellies and polychaetes by confirming ingestion, trophic transfer, behavioural alterations and retention dynamics, supporting the need for integrated monitoring approaches in Mediterranean coastal environments.
Le microplastiche (MP, <1 mm) rappresentano un’emergenza ambientale globale e suscitano crescente preoccupazione per gli effetti sulla biodiversità marina. Nel Mediterraneo, tra i principali bacini di accumulo a livello mondiale, le MP sono state rinvenute dalla superficie fino ai sedimenti profondi, impattando gli invertebrati marini attraverso diverse vie di esposizione. Nonostante numerosi studi abbiano indagato l’ingestione e gli effetti delle MP in diversi livelli trofici, le conoscenze su molte specie ecologicamente rilevanti restano limitate. In questa tesi di dottorato sono stati approfonditi distribuzione ed effetti della contaminazione da MP in invertebrati pelagici e bentonici ad oggi poco studiati. Sono state analizzate specie chiave del Mediterraneo, comuni in colonna d’acqua e sui fondali marini, selezionate in base alla loro importanza ecologica, posizione trofica e suscettibilità all’ingestione di MP: le meduse Rhizostoma pulmo e Pelagia noctiluca, lo ctenoforo Mnemiopsis leidyi e il polichete Hermodice carunculata. Per quantificazione di MP in organismi marini, è stato messo a punto un protocollo “green”, rapido e sostenibile, per l’isolamento delle MP da esemplari interi. Il metodo ha mostrato un’elevata efficienza nella rimozione della materia organica, garantendo un recupero ottimale delle MP senza alterarne la struttura. L’efficacia è stata confermata su organismi con caratteristiche diverse, da specie con un elevato contenuto d’acqua (meduse) a organismi complessi, ricchi in lipidi e chitina (policheti). In entrambi i gruppi è stata riscontrata un’elevata presenza di MP, principalmente microfibre, in accordo con le loro nicchie ecologiche e strategie alimentari. Questi dati confermano la vulnerabilità di tali specie all’ingestione di MP e suggeriscono che, in virtù della loro posizione trofica, possano contribuire al trasferimento delle MP lungo le reti alimentari marine. Inoltre, i risultati rafforzano il potenziale di questi organismi come bioindicatori della contaminazione da MP in ambienti costieri e bentonici. Sono stati condotti esperimenti per analizzare l’ingestione di MP e le risposte biologiche in condizioni controllate. Per lo zooplancton gelatinoso è stata valutata la sensibilità della scifomedusa P. noctiluca (stadio di efira) tramite test di ecotossicità, analizzando effetti letali e sub-letali in risposta a surfattanti di riferimento. Esposizioni a breve termine a concentrazioni crescenti (0.1–1–10 mg/L) di microsfere di polistirene (10 µm) e frammenti di polietilene ad alta densità (25.4 ± 1.4 μm) hanno permesso di valutare l’internalizzazione di MP e gli effetti sullo stato fisiologico degli organismi. L’internalizzazione è stata confermata alle concentrazioni più elevate, insieme ad alterazioni del nuoto. Questi risultati offrono nuove evidenze sui rischi delle MP per gli stadi giovanili delle meduse, contribuendo alla comprensione delle implicazioni ecologiche nelle comunità pelagiche. Esperimenti pilota su H. carunculata hanno chiarito i tassi di ingestione ed escrezione di MP, utilizzando microsfere di polistirene fluorescenti. È stata inoltre dimostrata l’ingestione indiretta di MP attraverso prede contaminate da parte di questo predatore bentonico. Sebbene la ritenzione sia risultata limitata, le MP espulse erano rivestite da materiale fecale e biofilm, indicando potenziali vie di trasferimento delle MP all’interno delle comunità bentoniche. Nel complesso, i risultati ampliano la conoscenza sulla contaminazione da MP in meduse e policheti, confermando fenomeni di ingestione, trasferimento trofico e alterazioni comportamentali, e sottolineano la necessità di approcci di monitoraggio integrati negli ecosistemi costieri mediterranei.
Microplastiche nel Mar Mediterraneo: presenza ed effetti su invertebrati pelagici e bentonici meno indagati
FERRARI, VALENTINA
2026
Abstract
Microplastics (MP, <1 mm) have emerged as a global environmental issue, raising concern due to their potential threat to biodiversity. In the Mediterranean Sea, MP have been detected from surface water to deep sediments, affecting marine invertebrates through multiple pathways. Despite several studies have dealt with MP uptake and impacts in different trophic levels, knowledge on a range of ecologically relevant marine organisms remains limited. Whitin this PhD thesis, critical insights on the occurrence and adverse effects of MP contamination in overlooked pelagic and benthic invertebrates are provided. Mediterranean key species from the water column and seafloor were selected based on their ecological relevance, habitat representativeness, trophic position and potential susceptibility to MP ingestion, including jellyfish (Rhizostoma pulmo and Pelagia noctiluca), ctenophores (Mnemiopsis leidyi) and polychaetes (Hermodice carunculata). To advance the assessment of MP abundance in marine biota, a green and time-cost effective protocol for isolating MP from whole specimens of marine invertebrates was developed. The protocol demonstrated high efficiency in removing organic matter, ensuring high MP recoveries without compromising polymer integrity. Its reliability was confirmed through successful application to organisms with different body composition, from water-based (jellyfish) to more complex organisms, rich in lipids and chitinous structures (polychaetes), enabling a comprehensive evaluation of MP content in wild specimens. Results show high levels of MP, mainly represented by microfibres, in both gelatinous zooplankton and benthic polychaetes, with contamination patterns reflecting their ecological niches and feeding strategies. These findings highlight the vulnerability of those species to MP ingestion and suggest that, due to their trophic position, they may facilitate the transfer of MP through marine food webs. Furthermore, such evidence enhances our current understanding of their value as bioindicators for assessing MP contamination in coastal and seafloor habitats. Laboratory experiments were conducted to explore internalization and/or biological responses to MP under controlled conditions. For gelatinous zooplankton, the suitability of the scyphomedusa P. noctiluca (ephyra stage) for ecotoxicity tests was first explored by evaluating lethal and sub-lethal effects in response to surfactants as reference toxicants. Then, short-term exposure to increasing concentrations (0.1–1–10 mg/L) of both standard polystyrene microbeads (10 µm) and high-density polyethylene irregular fragments (25.4 ± 1.4 μm) derived from environmental samples was carried out to investigate MP uptake and effects on organism fitness. MP internalization was confirmed at the highest concentration tested as well as swimming alterations. These results shed new light on the potential risks of MP to jellyfish early life stages, contributing to a better understanding of the ecological implications in pelagic communities. Pilot bench-scale experiments with H. carunculata were additionally setup to elucidate MP ingestion and egestion rates, using fluorescently labelled polystyrene microbeads as proxy. The contribution of indirect MP ingestion through contaminated prey by this voracious benthic predator was demonstrated. Although MP retention was minimal, they were covered by faecal material and biofilm, providing new evidence on potential fluxes of MP through benthic communities. Overall, the data advance our understanding of MP contamination in both jellies and polychaetes by confirming ingestion, trophic transfer, behavioural alterations and retention dynamics, supporting the need for integrated monitoring approaches in Mediterranean coastal environments.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/357990
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-357990