Recently, nanofibers have been considered as one of the sustainable routes with enormous applicability in various fields, such as biomedical and environmental ones. They have promising properties, including interconnected porous structure, lightweight, high porosity, and large surface area, and can be easily modified with the addition of specific nanofillers to enhance their suitability for specific applications. Electrospinning is one of the most important and simple techniques utilized for the production of small diameter fibers. Itis a process by which a polymer in solution can be spun into small diameter fibers, thanks to a high potential electric field. A typical electrospinning setup consists of a syringe pump, a syringe containing the solution/suspension and supplied with a needle, a high voltage generator, and a metallic collector. In this framework, the present Ph.D. project is focused on the development of fibrous systems for application in the biomedical (e.g. drug delivery, cancer treatment), and environmental (e.g., removal of heavy metals) sectors. Concerning the biomedical applications, oral cavity cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. The standard treatment involves surgical resection, often combined with or replaced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, this approach is highly invasive, and diagnosis often occurs at an advanced stage. Therefore, it is crucial to explore alternative therapeutic strategies, including innovative pharmacological approaches. At the same time, potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity such as oral lichen planus are commonly treated with corticosteroids and topical formulations aimed at reducing inflammation and relieving symptoms. Nevertheless, these treatments have several limitations, including taste alteration, application difficulties, and limited efficacy. To address these issues, local drug delivery systems have been developed, offering significant advantages such as reduced systemic side effects and sustained release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient over time. These systems offer several advantages aimed at improving the effectiveness of the active ingredient by allowing prolonged release over time. The characteristics that the carrier must possess are biodegradability, biocompatibility, and sustained release. In this framework, the present Ph.D. project proposes an innovative drug delivery system, based on the fiber, for the treatment of oral cavity cancer, acting directly in 5 situ and reflecting the characteristics just described. In particular, polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable, biocompatible polyester, was chosen to produce fibers loaded with clobetasol and dexamethasone for the treatment of oral cancer in the biomedical field. The obtained fibrous mats were coated with chitosan, a low-cost natural polysaccharide, to provide mucoadhesive properties. The samples obtained were characterised from a chemical, physical, mechanical and biological point of view: the morphology of the fibrous mats was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the wettability and uniformity of the chitosan coating was evaluated by measuring the contact angle, while the actual incorporation of the drug into the PLA fibres and the deposition of chitosan were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Thermal analyses (DSC) provided information on polymer transitions and degradation stability, and mechanical tests quantified elastic modulus, strength and structural behaviour under load. To complete the functional characterisation, direct and indirect cytotoxicity tests and MTT assays were also performed to evaluate the biological compatibility of the system and its potential use in clinical applications. Concerning the environmental applications, PLA fibers were used as supports for the alginate and chitosan deposition. Alginate derived from brown algae is a highly popular material for the biosorption of heavy metals due to its low cost, and high affinity to metals via gelation. Indeed, it is characterised by the presence of carboxy and hydroxy groups which can crosslink with cations. Thus, due to the negatively charged carboxyl groups, it can electrostatically adsorb heavy metal ions by chelation. Similarly, the chitosan, a low cost natural polysaccharide produced from the deacetylation of chitin, has been used in many studies for the heavy metal ions adsorption. The optimal cross-linking conditions for the chitosan and alginate coatings were identified, carried out also on the alginate and chitosan films produced by solvent casting as a reference. Chemical-physical characterisation, including, contact angle measurements to study the wettability of PLA nanofibers, SEM analysis to study the nanofibers morphology were performed. In addition, metal detection tests were conducted proposing the remediate and-sense concept. In particular, alginate beads were coupled to printed electrochemical strips for in situ copper detection. Within the same architecture, alginate beads were used to remove copper ions from the soil, and the printed electrochemical strips were used to evaluate the effectiveness of remediation at the time of need. The carried out tests have shown that the developed polysaccharide systems and drug delivery carriers present the 6 physico-chemical characteristics appropriate for the heavy metals absorption and the oral cancer treatment, respectively.
Negli ultimi anni, le nanofibre sono state considerate una delle soluzioni sostenibili più promettenti, grazie alla loro vasta applicabilità in diversi settori, tra cui quello biomedico e ambientale. Esse presentano proprietà di grande interesse, come una struttura porosa interconnessa, leggerezza, elevata porosità ed un’ampia superficie specifica, e possono essere facilmente modificate mediante l’aggiunta di specifici nanofiller per migliorarne l’idoneità a particolari applicazioni. L’elettrofilatura (electrospinning) è una delle tecniche più semplici ed efficaci utilizzate per la produzione di fibre di piccolo diametro. Si tratta di un processo mediante il quale una soluzione polimerica può essere filata in fibre sottili grazie all’applicazione di un intenso campo elettrico. Un tipico setup di elettrofilatura è costituito da una pompa ad infusione, una siringa contenente la soluzione o sospensione dotata di ago, un generatore di alta tensione ed un collettore metallico. In questo contesto, il presente progetto di Dottorato è incentrato sullo sviluppo di sistemi fibrosi per applicazioni nei settori biomedico (ad esempio rilascio controllato di farmaci e trattamento del tumore) e ambientale (ad esempio rimozione di metalli pesanti). Per quanto riguarda le applicazioni biomediche, il tumore del cavo orale è considerato uno dei tumori maligni più comuni. Il trattamento standard consiste nella resezione chirurgica, eventualmente associata o sostituita da chemio e radioterapia. Tuttavia, questo approccio risulta piuttosto invasivo, e molti pazienti vengono diagnosticati in stadi già avanzati della malattia. È quindi necessario proporre alternative valide, favorendo strategie di tipo farmacologico. Allo stesso tempo, i disturbi potenzialmente maligni del cavo orale, come il lichen planus orale, vengono comunemente trattati con corticosteroidi e formulazioni topiche mirate a ridurre l’infiammazione e ad alleviare i sintomi. Tuttavia, questi trattamenti presentano diverse limitazioni, tra cui alterazioni del gusto, difficoltà di applicazione ed efficacia limitata. Per affrontare tali problematiche, sono stati sviluppati sistemi di rilascio controllato del farmaco in grado di agire localmente, riducendo gli effetti collaterali e migliorando l’efficacia terapeutica. Questi sistemi offrono diversi vantaggi, consentendo un 8 rilascio prolungato e mirato del principio attivo. Le caratteristiche fondamentali che il carrier deve possedere sono biodegradabilità, biocompatibilità e rilascio controllato. In questo ambito, il presente progetto di Dottorato propone un innovativo sistema di rilascio basato su fibre per il trattamento del cancro del cavo orale, capace di agire direttamente in situ e di rispecchiare le proprietà sopra descritte. In particolare, è stato scelto l’acido polilattico (PLA), un poliestere biodegradabile e biocompatibile, per la produzione di fibre caricate con clobetasolo e desametasone destinate al trattamento del tumore orale in campo biomedico. I tappetini fibrosi ottenuti sono stati successivamente rivestiti con chitosano, un polisaccaride naturale a basso costo, al fine di conferire proprietà mucoadesive. I campioni ottenuti sono stati caratterizzati dal punto di vista chimico, fisico, meccanico e biologico: la morfologia delle fibre è stata analizzata mediante microscopia elettronica a scansione (SEM), la bagnabilità e l’uniformità del rivestimento in chitosano sono state valutate tramite misure dell’angolo di contatto, mentre l’effettiva incorporazione del farmaco nelle fibre di PLA e la deposizione del chitosano sono state indagate tramite spettroscopia infrarossa in trasformata di Fourier (FT-IR). Le analisi termiche (DSC) hanno fornito informazioni sulle transizioni polimeriche e sulla stabilità alla degradazione, mentre le prove meccaniche hanno quantificato il modulo elastico, la resistenza e il comportamento strutturale sotto carico. Per completare la caratterizzazione funzionale, sono stati condotti test di citotossicità diretta e indiretta e saggi MTT per valutare la biocompatibilità del sistema e il suo potenziale utilizzo in ambito clinico. Per quanto riguarda le applicazioni ambientali, le fibre di PLA sono state impiegate come supporti per la deposizione di alginato e chitosano. L’alginato, derivato da alghe brune, è un materiale ampiamente utilizzato per l’assorbimento dei metalli pesanti, grazie al suo basso costo e all’elevata affinità con i metalli mediante processi di gelificazione. Infatti, la presenza di gruppi carbossilici e ossidrilici consente la reticolazione con cationi metallici e, grazie alla carica negativa dei gruppi carbossilici, l’adsorbimento elettrostatico degli ioni metallici attraverso chelazione. Allo stesso modo, il chitosano, un polisaccaride naturale a basso costo ottenuto dalla deacetilazione della chitina, è stato ampiamente impiegato per l’adsorbimento di ioni metallici pesanti. 9 Sono state quindi identificate le condizioni ottimali di reticolazione per i rivestimenti di chitosano e alginato, valutate anche su film di riferimento prodotti mediante solvent casting. La caratterizzazione chimico-fisica ha incluso misure dell’angolo di contatto per studiare la bagnabilità delle nanofibre di PLA e analisi SEM per valutarne la morfologia. Inoltre, sono stati eseguiti test di rilevazione dei metalli, introducendo il concetto di “remediate and-sense”. In particolare, beads di alginato sono state accoppiate a strisce elettrochimiche stampate per la rilevazione in situ del rame. All’interno della stessa architettura, le beads di alginato sono state impiegate per rimuovere ioni di rame dal suolo, mentre le strisce elettrochimiche hanno consentito di valutare l’efficacia della rimozione in tempo reale. I test eseguiti hanno dimostrato che i sistemi a base di polisaccaridi e i carrier per il rilascio di farmaci sviluppati presentano le caratteristiche chimico-fisiche e funzionali ottimali per l’assorbimento di metalli pesanti e per il trattamento del tumore del cavo orale, rispettivamente.
SVILUPPO DI SISTEMI FIBROSI PER APPLICAZIONI BIOMEDICHE E AMBIENTALI
MESSINA, MARIANNA
2026
Abstract
Recently, nanofibers have been considered as one of the sustainable routes with enormous applicability in various fields, such as biomedical and environmental ones. They have promising properties, including interconnected porous structure, lightweight, high porosity, and large surface area, and can be easily modified with the addition of specific nanofillers to enhance their suitability for specific applications. Electrospinning is one of the most important and simple techniques utilized for the production of small diameter fibers. Itis a process by which a polymer in solution can be spun into small diameter fibers, thanks to a high potential electric field. A typical electrospinning setup consists of a syringe pump, a syringe containing the solution/suspension and supplied with a needle, a high voltage generator, and a metallic collector. In this framework, the present Ph.D. project is focused on the development of fibrous systems for application in the biomedical (e.g. drug delivery, cancer treatment), and environmental (e.g., removal of heavy metals) sectors. Concerning the biomedical applications, oral cavity cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors. The standard treatment involves surgical resection, often combined with or replaced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, this approach is highly invasive, and diagnosis often occurs at an advanced stage. Therefore, it is crucial to explore alternative therapeutic strategies, including innovative pharmacological approaches. At the same time, potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity such as oral lichen planus are commonly treated with corticosteroids and topical formulations aimed at reducing inflammation and relieving symptoms. Nevertheless, these treatments have several limitations, including taste alteration, application difficulties, and limited efficacy. To address these issues, local drug delivery systems have been developed, offering significant advantages such as reduced systemic side effects and sustained release of the active pharmaceutical ingredient over time. These systems offer several advantages aimed at improving the effectiveness of the active ingredient by allowing prolonged release over time. The characteristics that the carrier must possess are biodegradability, biocompatibility, and sustained release. In this framework, the present Ph.D. project proposes an innovative drug delivery system, based on the fiber, for the treatment of oral cavity cancer, acting directly in 5 situ and reflecting the characteristics just described. In particular, polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable, biocompatible polyester, was chosen to produce fibers loaded with clobetasol and dexamethasone for the treatment of oral cancer in the biomedical field. The obtained fibrous mats were coated with chitosan, a low-cost natural polysaccharide, to provide mucoadhesive properties. The samples obtained were characterised from a chemical, physical, mechanical and biological point of view: the morphology of the fibrous mats was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the wettability and uniformity of the chitosan coating was evaluated by measuring the contact angle, while the actual incorporation of the drug into the PLA fibres and the deposition of chitosan were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Thermal analyses (DSC) provided information on polymer transitions and degradation stability, and mechanical tests quantified elastic modulus, strength and structural behaviour under load. To complete the functional characterisation, direct and indirect cytotoxicity tests and MTT assays were also performed to evaluate the biological compatibility of the system and its potential use in clinical applications. Concerning the environmental applications, PLA fibers were used as supports for the alginate and chitosan deposition. Alginate derived from brown algae is a highly popular material for the biosorption of heavy metals due to its low cost, and high affinity to metals via gelation. Indeed, it is characterised by the presence of carboxy and hydroxy groups which can crosslink with cations. Thus, due to the negatively charged carboxyl groups, it can electrostatically adsorb heavy metal ions by chelation. Similarly, the chitosan, a low cost natural polysaccharide produced from the deacetylation of chitin, has been used in many studies for the heavy metal ions adsorption. The optimal cross-linking conditions for the chitosan and alginate coatings were identified, carried out also on the alginate and chitosan films produced by solvent casting as a reference. Chemical-physical characterisation, including, contact angle measurements to study the wettability of PLA nanofibers, SEM analysis to study the nanofibers morphology were performed. In addition, metal detection tests were conducted proposing the remediate and-sense concept. In particular, alginate beads were coupled to printed electrochemical strips for in situ copper detection. Within the same architecture, alginate beads were used to remove copper ions from the soil, and the printed electrochemical strips were used to evaluate the effectiveness of remediation at the time of need. The carried out tests have shown that the developed polysaccharide systems and drug delivery carriers present the 6 physico-chemical characteristics appropriate for the heavy metals absorption and the oral cancer treatment, respectively.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358226
URN:NBN:IT:UNICUSANO-358226