Background: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a group of severe neurological disorders, characterized by early-onset, pharmocoresistant epilepsy and neurocognitive impairment with major consequences on quality of life. In most cases a genetic etiology can be identified. Current treatments are often ineffective in achieving adequate seizure control and rarely impact the developmental trajectory of affected patients. There is therefore a pressing need for more effective therapeutic strategies that require improved diagnostic accuracy and a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved, both those specific to individual genes and those shared across different etiological entities. Precision diagnosis is essential in this process and relies on the integration of careful clinical phenotyping, genetic testing and, when appropriate, functional studies. Objectives: this thesis aimed to explore, through complementary approaches, how integrating precise phenotyping, genetic data interpretation and functional studies could improve diagnostic accuracy and lead to novel treatment strategies for DEEs. Specifically, it aimed to: a) investigate the disorders associated with pathogenic variants in KCNT2 gene as a model for integrating deep phenotyping, genetic testing and electrophysiological studies both for diagnostic accuracy and for potential personalized, variant-targeted therapies; b) discuss newer therapeutic strategies, targeting shared epileptogenic mechanisms, with a particular focus on cannabidiol (CBD) as a potential phenotype-oriented therapy; c) analyze through a systematic literature review, the genetic conditions associated with atypical absence status epilepticus (AASE), as an example of how accurate phenotyping can guide genetic testing and interpretation of genetic data. Methods: a systematic literature review was performed to identify the genetic conditions associated with AASE. A retrospective, two-center study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of CBD in a cohort of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Patients harboring pathogenic KCNT2 variants were collected through an international collaboration; functional and pharmacological studies were performed using whole-cell electrophysiology. Results: The multicenter KCNT2 study uncovered a significant genotypic and phenotypic variability with manifestations including epilepsy, intellectual disability/developmental delay, dysmorphisms, autistic spectrum disorder. The functional studies revealed that both loss-of-function (LOF) and gain-of-function (GOF) variants in this gene can be pathogenic with partly different clinical correlates. Quinidine and Fluoxetine were able to block all GOF variants studied, whereas Riluzole and Loxapine were able to correct the channel function only in some LOF cases. CBD showed a significant seizure frequency reduction in our cohort of patients and was overall well tolerated. The literature review identified multiple genetic conditions associated with AASE reported in literature, most of which involved chromosomal variants. Single-gene variants associated with AASE were mainly found in genes implicated in synaptic development and regulation of synaptic transmission. Conclusions: this study emphasizes the relevance of a translational and integrative approach to the study of epilepsy, connecting phenotype, genotype and molecular mechanisms to novel and potentially more precise therapeutic strategies.
Background: Le encefalopatie epilettiche e dello sviluppo (DEE, Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies) sono un gruppo di gravi disordini neurologici caratterizzati da epilessia ad esordio precoce, farmacoresistente, e da disturbi neurocognitivi, con severe conseguenze sulla qualità di vita. Nella maggior parte dei casi riconoscono un’eziologia genetica. Le terapie attuali sono spesso inefficaci nel controllo delle crisi e raramente modificano il neurosviluppo. Sono quindi necessarie strategie terapeutiche più efficaci, basate su una maggiore accuratezza diagnostica e una comprensione più approfondita dei meccanismi molecolari coinvolti, sia specifici di singoli geni sia condivisi tra diverse entità eziologiche. La diagnosi di precisione riveste un ruolo chiave e si fonda sull’integrazione tra un’attenta fenotipizzazione clinica, studi genetici e, quando indicato, studi funzionali. Obiettivi: Questa tesi ha avuto lo scopo di esplorare, attraverso approcci complementari, come l’integrazione tra fenotipizzazione approfondita, interpretazione dei dati genetici e studi funzionali possa migliorare l’accuratezza diagnostica e favorire nuove strategie terapeutiche. In particolare, gli obiettivi specifici sono stati: a) indagare i disturbi associati a varianti patogenetiche del gene KCNT2 come modello di integrazione tra fenotipizzazione approfondita, interpretazione genetica e studi elettrofisiologici al fine di migliorare la diagnosi e orientare terapie personalizzate mirate alla singola variante; b) discutere strategie terapeutiche innovative, mirate a meccanismi epilettogeni condivisi, con particolare attenzione al cannabidiolo (CBD) come potenziale trattamento orientato al fenotipo; c) analizzare, mediante una revisione sistematica della letteratura, le condizioni genetiche associate allo stato epilettico di assenza atipica (AASE), come esempio di come una fenotipizzazione accurata possa guidare l’analisi e l’interpretazione genetica. Metodi: I pazienti portatori di varianti patogenetiche in KCNT2 sono stati raccolti nell’ambito di una collaborazione internazionale; gli studi funzionali e farmacologici sono stati condotti mediante elettrofisiologia whole-cell. È stato eseguito uno studio retrospettivo in due centri per valutare l’efficacia e la tollerabilità del CBD in una coorte di pazienti con epilessia farmacoresistente. È stata inoltre condotta una revisione sistematica della letteratura per identificare le condizioni genetiche associate all’AASE. Risultati: Lo studio multicentrico sul gene KCNT2 ha evidenziato un’eterogeneità genotipica e fenotipica, con manifestazioni comprendenti epilessia, disabilità intellettiva o ritardo dello sviluppo, dismorfismi e disturbi dello spettro autistico. Gli studi funzionali hanno mostrato che sia le varianti loss-of-function (LOF) che gain-of-function (GOF) possono essere patogenetiche, con caratteristiche cliniche parzialmente differenti. La Chinidina e la Fluoxetina hanno bloccato tutte le varianti GOF studiate, mentre il Riluzolo e la Loxapina hanno ripristinato la funzione del canale solo in alcuni casi LOF. Il trattamento con CBD ha determinato una significativa riduzione della frequenza delle crisi ed è risultato ben tollerato. La revisione della letteratura ha identificato numerose condizioni genetiche associate ad AASE: nella maggior parte dei casi si tratta di anomalie cromosomiche, mentre le varianti a carico di singoli geni interessano soprattutto geni coinvolti nello sviluppo e regolazione sinaptica. Conclusioni: Questo lavoro sottolinea il valore di un approccio traslazionale e integrato nello studio delle epilessie genetiche e farmacoresistenti, che collega fenotipo, genotipo e meccanismi molecolari, al fine di individuare nuove e potenzialmente più precise strategie terapeutiche.
Epilessie genetiche e farmacoresistenti: caratterizzazione clinica, studio funzionale e prospettive terapeutiche
cioclu, maria cristina
2026
Abstract
Background: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are a group of severe neurological disorders, characterized by early-onset, pharmocoresistant epilepsy and neurocognitive impairment with major consequences on quality of life. In most cases a genetic etiology can be identified. Current treatments are often ineffective in achieving adequate seizure control and rarely impact the developmental trajectory of affected patients. There is therefore a pressing need for more effective therapeutic strategies that require improved diagnostic accuracy and a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved, both those specific to individual genes and those shared across different etiological entities. Precision diagnosis is essential in this process and relies on the integration of careful clinical phenotyping, genetic testing and, when appropriate, functional studies. Objectives: this thesis aimed to explore, through complementary approaches, how integrating precise phenotyping, genetic data interpretation and functional studies could improve diagnostic accuracy and lead to novel treatment strategies for DEEs. Specifically, it aimed to: a) investigate the disorders associated with pathogenic variants in KCNT2 gene as a model for integrating deep phenotyping, genetic testing and electrophysiological studies both for diagnostic accuracy and for potential personalized, variant-targeted therapies; b) discuss newer therapeutic strategies, targeting shared epileptogenic mechanisms, with a particular focus on cannabidiol (CBD) as a potential phenotype-oriented therapy; c) analyze through a systematic literature review, the genetic conditions associated with atypical absence status epilepticus (AASE), as an example of how accurate phenotyping can guide genetic testing and interpretation of genetic data. Methods: a systematic literature review was performed to identify the genetic conditions associated with AASE. A retrospective, two-center study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of CBD in a cohort of patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Patients harboring pathogenic KCNT2 variants were collected through an international collaboration; functional and pharmacological studies were performed using whole-cell electrophysiology. Results: The multicenter KCNT2 study uncovered a significant genotypic and phenotypic variability with manifestations including epilepsy, intellectual disability/developmental delay, dysmorphisms, autistic spectrum disorder. The functional studies revealed that both loss-of-function (LOF) and gain-of-function (GOF) variants in this gene can be pathogenic with partly different clinical correlates. Quinidine and Fluoxetine were able to block all GOF variants studied, whereas Riluzole and Loxapine were able to correct the channel function only in some LOF cases. CBD showed a significant seizure frequency reduction in our cohort of patients and was overall well tolerated. The literature review identified multiple genetic conditions associated with AASE reported in literature, most of which involved chromosomal variants. Single-gene variants associated with AASE were mainly found in genes implicated in synaptic development and regulation of synaptic transmission. Conclusions: this study emphasizes the relevance of a translational and integrative approach to the study of epilepsy, connecting phenotype, genotype and molecular mechanisms to novel and potentially more precise therapeutic strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358258
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-358258