Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most frequently diagnosed form of epilepsy in adults, accounting for 50-70% of cases. Despite the number of anti-seizure medications available on the market, TLE represents the most prevalent form of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), with 30-40% of patients unresponsive to the pharmacological approach. In these cases, surgical resection of the epileptic focus represents the first-line therapeutic option; however, not all DRE patients are good candidates for surgery, and not all operated patients reach a seizure-free condition, suggesting the necessity to explore other treatment alternatives. The present work is part of HERMES, an EU-funded project aimed at functionally repairing neuronal circuits in the pilocarpine model of TLE using intelligent biohybrids, obtained by the combination of organoids, neuromorphic implants, and artificial intelligence. Ventral CA3 (vCA3), a highly epileptogenic and damaged zone in TLE, has been selected as the target area of the treatment. Instead of implanting intact organoids that would cause massive damage due to the vCA3 location in the deepest part of the brain, we foresaw the in vivo generation of organoids starting from fluid pre-tissue and, therefore, injecting neural stem cells (NSCs). Subsequently, NSCs, capable of differentiating into excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as into astrocytes, were infused either alone or in combination with alginate, a biopolymer shown in vitro to create a hydrogel scaffold that supports stem cell survival and maturation. In addition, we demonstrated that the hydrogel reduced neuroinflammation in vivo by modulating microglial activation. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed poor NSC differentiation, regardless of the presence of the hydrogel. To assess NSC neurogenic potential in vivo, bilateral injections were performed in non-epileptic rats in both vCA3 and dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG), the natural NSC niche. Although NSCs demonstrated enhanced survival in dDG, they did not mature, and their number declined significantly over time. Despite extensive efforts, the organoid formation in vivo was ineffective, resulting in the transition from a biohybrid-based approach to a closed-loop neurostimulation paradigm. The experiments were conducted using a neuromorphic engineering system developed at Aarhus University that allows stimulation to be delivered when the system triggers it based on real-time analysis of electrographic data, to prevent seizures. Two weeks after pilocarpine injection, rats were implanted with one stimulating electrode in the ventral subiculum and multiple recording depth and epidural electrodes. Closed-loop stimulation effects were assessed by evaluating seizure severity, frequency, and duration in two epileptic rats completing the protocol. In rat 1, seizure severity decreased dramatically during stimulation, with convulsive seizures disappearing completely. Seizure frequency unexpectedly increased from 6.7 to 40.1 per day, with a slight reduction in duration during the washout phase. Rat 2 showed a reduction in seizure severity only during washout, with convulsive seizures decreasing from 100% to 66.9%, frequency rising from 1 to 17.5 seizures per day, while seizure duration remained unchanged. Analysis of epileptic foci revealed changes in the onset zones during and after stimulation. Overall, this work highlights the challenges and potential of stem cell therapy and advanced neurostimulation to develop alternative treatments for TLE, emphasizing the need for further refinements in terms of cellular survival and seizure control.
L’epilessia del lobo temporale (TLE) è il tipo di epilessia più comune negli adulti, rappresentando il 50%- 70% dei casi. Inoltre, la TLE è la forma di epilessia farmacoresistente più diffusa, con il 30-40% di pazienti non responsivi ai medicinali. In questi casi, la resezione chirurgica del fuoco epilettico risulta la prima opzione terapeutica; tuttavia, non tutti i pazienti farmacoresistenti sono candidati idonei per l’intervento e tra i pazienti operati non sempre si osserva una totale remissione delle crisi, sottolineando la necessità di esplorare trattamenti alternativi. Il presente studio fa parte di HERMES, un progetto UE che mira a ripristinare funzionalmente i circuiti neuronali nel modello pilocarpina di TLE tramite bioibridi intelligenti, ottenuti combinando organoidi, impianti neuromorfici e intelligenza artificiale. Il CA3 ventrale (vCA3), un'area altamente epilettogena e danneggiata nella TLE, è stato selezionato come target del trattamento. Invece di impiantare organoidi intatti che avrebbero causato danni data la posizione profonda del vCA3 nel cervello, abbiamo generato organoidi in vivo iniettando cellule staminali neurali (NSC). I ratti epilettici sono stati sottoposti a chirurgia stereotassica per l’iniezione di acido ibotenico in vCA3, per eliminare le cellule epilettiche. Successivamente, le NSC, capaci di differenziarsi in neuroni eccitatori, inibitori e astrociti, sono state infuse da sole o con alginato, un biopolimero che in vitro crea un idrogel a supporto della sopravvivenza e maturazione cellulare. Inoltre abbiamo dimostrato che l’idrogel riduce la neuroinfiammazione in vivo modulando l’attivazione microgliale. Le analisi di immunofluorescenza hanno rivelato uno scarso differenziamento delle NSC a prescindere dalla presenza dell’idrogel. Per valutare il potenziale neurogenico delle NSC in vivo, sono state effettuate iniezioni bilaterali in ratti non epilettici sia in vCA3 che nel giro dentato dorsale (dDG), la nicchia naturale delle NSC. Pur osservando una maggiore sopravvivenza in dDG, le NSC non sono maturate e il loro numero si è ridotto significativamente nel tempo. Nonostante i numerosi sforzi, la formazione di organoidi in vivo è risultata inefficace, determinando il passaggio da un approccio basato su bioibridi a un paradigma di neurostimolazione a circuito chiuso. Gli esperimenti sono stati condotti utilizzando un sistema di ingegneria neuromorfica sviluppato presso l’Università di Aarhus, che consente la stimolazione in base all’analisi in tempo reale di dati elettrografici, con l’obiettivo di prevenire le crisi. Due settimane dopo l’iniezione di pilocarpina, i ratti sono stati impiantati con un elettrodo per la stimolazione nel subiculum ventrale e con elettrodi di registrazione sia profondi che epidurali. Gli effetti della stimolazione sono stati valutati tramite gravità, frequenza e durata delle crisi in due ratti epilettici che hanno completato il protocollo. Nel ratto 1, la gravità delle crisi è diminuita drasticamente durante la stimolazione, con totale scomparsa di crisi convulsive. Tuttavia la frequenza è aumentata da 6,7 a 40,1 crisi al giorno, con una lieve riduzione della durata nella fase di washout. Il ratto 2 ha mostrato una riduzione della gravità solo nel washout, con crisi convulsive diminuite dal 100% al 66,9%, frequenza passata da 1 a 17,5 crisi al giorno e durata invariata. L’analisi dei fuochi epilettici ha evidenziato cambiamenti nelle zone di insorgenza delle crisi durante e dopo la stimolazione. Questo lavoro evidenzia le sfide e il potenziale di terapie alternative per la TLE basate su cellule staminali e neurostimolazione avanzata, sottolineando la necessità di ulteriori perfezionamenti in termini di sopravvivenza cellulare e controllo delle crisi.
Approcci terapeutici basati su cellule staminali neurali e neurostimolazione per curare l’epilessia del lobo temporale: sfide e risultati
RAIMONDI, FEDERICA
2026
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most frequently diagnosed form of epilepsy in adults, accounting for 50-70% of cases. Despite the number of anti-seizure medications available on the market, TLE represents the most prevalent form of drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), with 30-40% of patients unresponsive to the pharmacological approach. In these cases, surgical resection of the epileptic focus represents the first-line therapeutic option; however, not all DRE patients are good candidates for surgery, and not all operated patients reach a seizure-free condition, suggesting the necessity to explore other treatment alternatives. The present work is part of HERMES, an EU-funded project aimed at functionally repairing neuronal circuits in the pilocarpine model of TLE using intelligent biohybrids, obtained by the combination of organoids, neuromorphic implants, and artificial intelligence. Ventral CA3 (vCA3), a highly epileptogenic and damaged zone in TLE, has been selected as the target area of the treatment. Instead of implanting intact organoids that would cause massive damage due to the vCA3 location in the deepest part of the brain, we foresaw the in vivo generation of organoids starting from fluid pre-tissue and, therefore, injecting neural stem cells (NSCs). Subsequently, NSCs, capable of differentiating into excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as into astrocytes, were infused either alone or in combination with alginate, a biopolymer shown in vitro to create a hydrogel scaffold that supports stem cell survival and maturation. In addition, we demonstrated that the hydrogel reduced neuroinflammation in vivo by modulating microglial activation. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed poor NSC differentiation, regardless of the presence of the hydrogel. To assess NSC neurogenic potential in vivo, bilateral injections were performed in non-epileptic rats in both vCA3 and dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG), the natural NSC niche. Although NSCs demonstrated enhanced survival in dDG, they did not mature, and their number declined significantly over time. Despite extensive efforts, the organoid formation in vivo was ineffective, resulting in the transition from a biohybrid-based approach to a closed-loop neurostimulation paradigm. The experiments were conducted using a neuromorphic engineering system developed at Aarhus University that allows stimulation to be delivered when the system triggers it based on real-time analysis of electrographic data, to prevent seizures. Two weeks after pilocarpine injection, rats were implanted with one stimulating electrode in the ventral subiculum and multiple recording depth and epidural electrodes. Closed-loop stimulation effects were assessed by evaluating seizure severity, frequency, and duration in two epileptic rats completing the protocol. In rat 1, seizure severity decreased dramatically during stimulation, with convulsive seizures disappearing completely. Seizure frequency unexpectedly increased from 6.7 to 40.1 per day, with a slight reduction in duration during the washout phase. Rat 2 showed a reduction in seizure severity only during washout, with convulsive seizures decreasing from 100% to 66.9%, frequency rising from 1 to 17.5 seizures per day, while seizure duration remained unchanged. Analysis of epileptic foci revealed changes in the onset zones during and after stimulation. Overall, this work highlights the challenges and potential of stem cell therapy and advanced neurostimulation to develop alternative treatments for TLE, emphasizing the need for further refinements in terms of cellular survival and seizure control.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358260
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-358260