INTRODUCTION iRBD (isolated REM sleep behavior disorder) is a sleep disorder that precedes decades from the diagnosis of α-synucleinopathy. There is a bidirectional link between sleep and neurodegeneration. In neurodegenerative diseases, there are changes in the macro and microstructure of sleep. Sleep regulates the bulk removal of proteins and other molecules from the brain through regulation of “glymphatic” flow, and plays an important role in synaptic plasticity. It is not defined whether sleep alterations are the cause or the effect of neurodegeneration. OBJECTIVES The study aims to describe the clinical and biological features of the iRBD population at the time of diagnosis and longitudinally over time to identify different phenotypes of iRBD and estimate the percentage of phenoconversion. It also aims to describe the alterations in the macro and microstructure of sleep in the isolated iRBD population at diagnosis and evaluate the predictive effect of clinical, biological, and neurophysiological variables on phenoconversion. METHODS Patients who received the diagnosis of iRBD according to ICSD3 criteria at the Sleep Disorders Center in Bologna were included. Each patient underwent at baseline visit to a polysomnography, a DATScan, a skin biopsy, and at a clinical evaluation of motor, non-motor symptom and signs, and cognitive functions. The clinical evaluation was repeated with annual follow-up until phenoconversion. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were enrolled, with 81.7% being male. 79.4% of patients had α-synuclein in their skin biopsies. 25% converted within a conversion time of 7.05 ± 5.12 years. Comparing non-converted and converted patients, the latter reported at baseline motor and cognitive symptoms, scored higher to UPDRS3 scale, and showed altered nigrostriatal transmission at DATScan, along with a longer disease duration. An older age at diagnosis, the presence of motor symptoms, and higher UPDRS3 scores predict the conversion in univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. The presence of α-synuclein in the skin does not confer an increased risk of conversion, while the presence of an alteration in the nigrostriatal pathway demonstrated by Datscan distinguishes the two populations—converted vs. non-converted—by analyzing the Kaplan-Meier survival curves. DISCUSSION Patients with iRBD have a high risk of phenoconversion. There is a high prevalence of α-synuclein presence in skin biopsies, but the presence is not predictive of phenoconversion. Patients who convert already show subthreshold signs of disease at baseline. An altered DAT scan confers a high risk of conversion. Age and the presence of motor symptoms and signs are predictive meausures of conversion. Analyses are ongoing to evaluate the micro and macrostructure of sleep as markers of neurodegeneration.
INTRODUZIONE iRBD (isolato disturbo comportamentale del sonno REM) è un disturbo del sonno che può precedere di molti anni la diagnosi di α-sinucleinopatia. Esiste un link bidirezionale tra sonno e neurodegenerazione. Nelle malattie neurodegenerative sono presenti modifiche della macro e microstruttura del sonno. Il sonno regola il flusso glinfatico che serve alla rimozione di proteine e altre molecole di scarto ed ha un importante ruolo nella plasticità sinaptica. Non è definito se le alterazioni del sonno siano la causa o l’effetto della neurodegenerazione. OBIETTIVI Lo studio si propone di descrivere le caratteristiche cliniche e biologiche della popolazione di iRBD al tempo della diagnosi e di valutarle longitudinalmente nel tempo per identificare diversi fenotipi di IRBD e stimare la percentuale di fenoconversione. inoltre, di descrivere le alterazioni della macro e microstruttura del sonno nella popolazione di iRBD al tempo della diagnosi, ed infine di stimare l’effetto predittivo di fenocoversione delle variabili cliniche, biologiche e neurofisiologiche descritte nella popolazione. METODI Sono stati inclusi pazienti che hanno ricevuto la diagnosi di IRBD secondo i criteri ICSD3 presso il Centro dei Disturbi del sonno di Bologna. Ogni paziente è stato sottoposto al baseline ad una polisonnografia notturna, ad un DATScan, ad una biopsia di cute, ed una valutazione clinica dei sintomi e segni motori, non motori e delle funzioni cognitive. La valutazione clinica è stata ripetuta con follow up annuale fino alla fenocoversione. RISULTATI Sono stati arruolati 71 pazienti. 81.7 % maschi. 79.4% dei pazienti presentavano α-synucleina nella biopsia di cute. Il 25% hanno sviluppato una sinucleinopatia con un intervallo di tempo di 7.05 ± 5,12 anni. Confrontando i pazienti non convertiti e convertiti, i secondi riportavano al baseline la presenza di sintomi motori e cognitivi, avevano punteggi più alti alla scala dell’UPDRS3, e presentavano un’alterata trasmissione nigrostriatale al DATScan ed una durata maggiore di malattia. L’età maggiore alla diagnosi, la presenza di sintomi motori e punteggi più elevati alla scala UPDRS3 sono risultati predittivi di conversione in maniera statisticamente significativa sia analisi uni che multivariata di regressione lineare. La presenza di alterazione della via nigrostriatale al Datscan distingue la distribuzione dei pazienti che convertono da quelli che non convertono all’anali delle curve di sopravvivenza di Kaplan Meyer. DISCUSSIONE I pazienti con iRBD hanno un rischio elevato di fenoconversione. Vi è una alta prevalenza di presenza di alfa sinucleina nella biopsia di cute, ma tale presenza non è predittiva di fenoconversione. I pazienti che convertono presentano già al baseline segni sottosoglia di malattia. Il Dat scan alterato conferisce un rischio elevato di conversione. L’età e la presenza di sintomi e segni motori sono predittivi di conversione. Sono in corso le analisi per valutare la micro e macrostruttura del sonno come markers di neurodegenerazione.
Biomarcatori del sonno della neurodegenerazione nel disturbo comportamentale del sonno REM. Studio longitudinale di alfa sinucleinopatia prodromica.
POSTIGLIONE, EMANUELA
2026
Abstract
INTRODUCTION iRBD (isolated REM sleep behavior disorder) is a sleep disorder that precedes decades from the diagnosis of α-synucleinopathy. There is a bidirectional link between sleep and neurodegeneration. In neurodegenerative diseases, there are changes in the macro and microstructure of sleep. Sleep regulates the bulk removal of proteins and other molecules from the brain through regulation of “glymphatic” flow, and plays an important role in synaptic plasticity. It is not defined whether sleep alterations are the cause or the effect of neurodegeneration. OBJECTIVES The study aims to describe the clinical and biological features of the iRBD population at the time of diagnosis and longitudinally over time to identify different phenotypes of iRBD and estimate the percentage of phenoconversion. It also aims to describe the alterations in the macro and microstructure of sleep in the isolated iRBD population at diagnosis and evaluate the predictive effect of clinical, biological, and neurophysiological variables on phenoconversion. METHODS Patients who received the diagnosis of iRBD according to ICSD3 criteria at the Sleep Disorders Center in Bologna were included. Each patient underwent at baseline visit to a polysomnography, a DATScan, a skin biopsy, and at a clinical evaluation of motor, non-motor symptom and signs, and cognitive functions. The clinical evaluation was repeated with annual follow-up until phenoconversion. RESULTS Seventy-one patients were enrolled, with 81.7% being male. 79.4% of patients had α-synuclein in their skin biopsies. 25% converted within a conversion time of 7.05 ± 5.12 years. Comparing non-converted and converted patients, the latter reported at baseline motor and cognitive symptoms, scored higher to UPDRS3 scale, and showed altered nigrostriatal transmission at DATScan, along with a longer disease duration. An older age at diagnosis, the presence of motor symptoms, and higher UPDRS3 scores predict the conversion in univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. The presence of α-synuclein in the skin does not confer an increased risk of conversion, while the presence of an alteration in the nigrostriatal pathway demonstrated by Datscan distinguishes the two populations—converted vs. non-converted—by analyzing the Kaplan-Meier survival curves. DISCUSSION Patients with iRBD have a high risk of phenoconversion. There is a high prevalence of α-synuclein presence in skin biopsies, but the presence is not predictive of phenoconversion. Patients who convert already show subthreshold signs of disease at baseline. An altered DAT scan confers a high risk of conversion. Age and the presence of motor symptoms and signs are predictive meausures of conversion. Analyses are ongoing to evaluate the micro and macrostructure of sleep as markers of neurodegeneration.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358262
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-358262