Background Cardiomyopathies and arrhythmogenic syndromes represent a heterogeneous group of cardiac disorders. In the former, the myocardium is structurally and/or functionally abnormal in the absence of ischemic, valvular, or congenital causes, whereas in the latter, despite a structurally normal heart, mutations in ion channels predispose to malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Among these conditions, Laminopathies constitute a distinct entity, typically characterized by early onset in young adulthood and an unpredictable, often rapidly adverse prognosis. LMNA-related cardiomyopathy is a progressive disorder associated with intra- and atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, malignant ventricular arrhythmias (MVA), and heart failure (HF). However, the relationship between specific genetic variant characteristics - such as mutation type - and the resulting cardiac phenotype, including the frequency of brady- and tachyarrhythmic events, HF progression, and long-term outcomes, remains poorly defined and insufficiently investigated. Historically, non-missense mutations have been associated with a higher arrhythmic risk, but emerging evidence suggests that missense mutations may also confer significant risk, particularly in driving severe HF progression rather than acute arrhythmic events. Recent studies have also highlighted that the position of the variant relative to the nuclear localization signal (NLS), more than the traditional missense/non-missense classification, may determine phenotype severity, rendering this binary distinction increasingly outdated and inadequate. In light of these uncertainties, it is essential to deepen our understanding of genotype–phenotype correlations in LMNA-related cardiomyopathies, given the complexity and severity of their clinical manifestations. The aim of this study is to investigate cardiac features and identify gene–phenotype correlations that can clarify the prognostic implications of missense and non-missense mutations in a cohort of patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic LMNA variants. Methods and Results This is an observational, retrospective and prospective study enrolling patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic LMNA variants and cardiac involvement, all managed at our center in a real-world setting. The primary objective was to perform a genotype–phenotype correlation analysis in a large cohort of patients with LMNA-related cardiomyopathy. The study population comprised 62 patients, including 21 probands (34%). The median age at first clinical manifestation was 37 years (IQR 25). The median follow-up duration was 11 years. The distribution of LMNA mutation types was as follows: missense in 28 patients (45%), non-frameshift insertions in 20 (32%), frameshift deletions in 8 (13%), nonsense in 6 (10%). Among missense mutation carriers, two patients (7%) died and four (14%) were placed on the heart transplant list or underwent transplantation, with a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) rate of 18%. No statistically significant differences in MACE prevalence were observed between the missense and non-missense mutation groups (p = 0.983). Conclusions Despite advances in characterizing the clinical course of LMNA-related cardiomyopathy, significant knowledge gaps remain, largely due to the rarity and complexity of the disease. This study aims to strengthen the existing evidence base by refining our understanding of genotype–phenotype correlations and mutation-specific risk profiles, emphasizing in particular that missense variants may also be associated with severe heart failure outcomes.
Background Le cardiomiopatie e le sindromi aritmogene costituiscono un gruppo eterogeneo di patologie cardiache. Nelle prime il muscolo cardiaco risulta strutturalmente e/o funzionalmente anomalo in assenza di cause ischemiche, valvolari o congenite, mentre nelle seconde, pur in presenza di un cuore strutturalmente normale, mutazioni nei canali ionici predispongono ad aritmie maligne e morte cardiaca improvvisa. Tra queste condizioni, le Laminopatie rappresentano un’entità distinta, caratterizzata da esordio spesso in giovane età e da una prognosi imprevedibile e talvolta rapidamente infausta. La cardiomiopatia correlata a mutazioni del gene LMNA è una patologia progressiva associata ad anomalie della conduzione intra ed atrioventricolare, aritmie ventricolari maligne (MVA) e scompenso cardiaco (HF). Tuttavia, la relazione tra caratteristiche specifiche delle varianti genetiche - come il tipo di mutazione - e il fenotipo cardiaco, inclusa la frequenza di eventi bradi- e tachiaritmici, la progressione dello scompenso e gli esiti a lungo termine, rimane ancora poco chiara e insufficientemente indagata. Storicamente, le mutazioni non missense sono state associate ad un rischio aritmico maggiore, ma evidenze emergenti suggeriscono che anche le mutazioni missense possano conferire un rischio significativo, in particolare per la progressione severa dello scompenso cardiaco piuttosto che per eventi aritmici acuti. Recenti studi hanno inoltre messo in risalto come sia la posizione della variante rispetto al segnale di localizzazione nucleare (NLS), più che la classificazione tradizionale missenso/non missenso, a determinare la gravità del fenotipo, rendendo questa distinzione sempre più superata e anacronistica. Alla luce di tali incertezze, risulta fondamentale approfondire la comprensione delle correlazioni genotipo-fenotipo nelle cardiomiopatie LMNA-correlate, considerando la complessità e la severità delle manifestazioni cliniche. L’obiettivo di questo studio è investigare le caratteristiche cardiache e identificare correlazioni gene-fenotipo che contribuiscano a chiarire le implicazioni prognostiche delle mutazioni missenso e non missenso in una coorte di pazienti con varianti patogenetiche/probabilmente patogenetiche del gene LMNA. Metodi e risultati Si tratta di uno studio osservazionale, retrospettivo e prospettico, che ha arruolato pazienti con variante LMNA patogenetica o probabilmente patogenetica e coinvolgimento cardiaco, afferenti al nostro centro in un contesto di real world. L’obiettivo principale è stato effettuare un’analisi delle correlazioni genotipo-fenotipo in un’ampia coorte di pazienti con cardiomiopatia LMNA-correlata. La popolazione in studio comprende 62 pazienti, di cui 21 probandi (34%). L’età mediana alla prima manifestazione clinica è risultata pari a 37 anni (IQR 25). Il follow-up mediano è stato di 11 anni. La distribuzione dei tipi di mutazione del gene LMNA era la seguente: mutazioni missenso in 28 pazienti (45%), inserzioni in 20 (32%), delezioni frameshift in 8 (13%) e mutazioni nonsense in 6 (10%). Tra i portatori di mutazioni missenso, due pazienti (7%) sono deceduti e quattro (14%) sono stati inseriti in lista trapianto o hanno subito trapianto cardiaco, con un tasso di eventi cardiovascolari maggiori (MACE) pari al 18%. Non sono emerse differenze statisticamente significative nella prevalenza di MACE tra i gruppi missenso e non missenso (p = 0.983). Conclusioni Nonostante i progressi nella caratterizzazione del decorso clinico della cardiomiopatia LMNA-correlata, persistono importanti lacune conoscitive, legate alla rarità e complessità della malattia. Questo studio intende contribuire al consolidamento delle evidenze esistenti, affinando la comprensione delle correlazioni genotipo-fenotipo e dei profili di rischio specifici per mutazione, sottolineando in particolare come anche le varianti missense possano associarsi a esiti di scompenso severo.
CARATTERISTICHE CARDIACHE E CORRELAZIONI GENOTIPO-FENOTIPO IN PAZIENTI CON CARDIOMIOPATIE EREDO-FAMILIARI E SINDROMI ARITMOGENE
CARELLA, MARIA CRISTINA
2025
Abstract
Background Cardiomyopathies and arrhythmogenic syndromes represent a heterogeneous group of cardiac disorders. In the former, the myocardium is structurally and/or functionally abnormal in the absence of ischemic, valvular, or congenital causes, whereas in the latter, despite a structurally normal heart, mutations in ion channels predispose to malignant arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Among these conditions, Laminopathies constitute a distinct entity, typically characterized by early onset in young adulthood and an unpredictable, often rapidly adverse prognosis. LMNA-related cardiomyopathy is a progressive disorder associated with intra- and atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, malignant ventricular arrhythmias (MVA), and heart failure (HF). However, the relationship between specific genetic variant characteristics - such as mutation type - and the resulting cardiac phenotype, including the frequency of brady- and tachyarrhythmic events, HF progression, and long-term outcomes, remains poorly defined and insufficiently investigated. Historically, non-missense mutations have been associated with a higher arrhythmic risk, but emerging evidence suggests that missense mutations may also confer significant risk, particularly in driving severe HF progression rather than acute arrhythmic events. Recent studies have also highlighted that the position of the variant relative to the nuclear localization signal (NLS), more than the traditional missense/non-missense classification, may determine phenotype severity, rendering this binary distinction increasingly outdated and inadequate. In light of these uncertainties, it is essential to deepen our understanding of genotype–phenotype correlations in LMNA-related cardiomyopathies, given the complexity and severity of their clinical manifestations. The aim of this study is to investigate cardiac features and identify gene–phenotype correlations that can clarify the prognostic implications of missense and non-missense mutations in a cohort of patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic LMNA variants. Methods and Results This is an observational, retrospective and prospective study enrolling patients with pathogenic or likely pathogenic LMNA variants and cardiac involvement, all managed at our center in a real-world setting. The primary objective was to perform a genotype–phenotype correlation analysis in a large cohort of patients with LMNA-related cardiomyopathy. The study population comprised 62 patients, including 21 probands (34%). The median age at first clinical manifestation was 37 years (IQR 25). The median follow-up duration was 11 years. The distribution of LMNA mutation types was as follows: missense in 28 patients (45%), non-frameshift insertions in 20 (32%), frameshift deletions in 8 (13%), nonsense in 6 (10%). Among missense mutation carriers, two patients (7%) died and four (14%) were placed on the heart transplant list or underwent transplantation, with a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE) rate of 18%. No statistically significant differences in MACE prevalence were observed between the missense and non-missense mutation groups (p = 0.983). Conclusions Despite advances in characterizing the clinical course of LMNA-related cardiomyopathy, significant knowledge gaps remain, largely due to the rarity and complexity of the disease. This study aims to strengthen the existing evidence base by refining our understanding of genotype–phenotype correlations and mutation-specific risk profiles, emphasizing in particular that missense variants may also be associated with severe heart failure outcomes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358381
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-358381