This work investigates the interaction between a high-energy electron beam (100–300 keV) and thin functional materials under TEM/STEM conditions, linking quantum-mechanical scattering with the macroscopic evolution of charge, potential, and conductivity induced by irradiation. The goal is to build a self-consistent multiscale framework connecting the Schrödinger equation to charge transport and Poisson coupling, clarifying how an initially neutral dielectric can evolve into a quasi-conductive, plasma-like system. Starting from the relativistically corrected stationary Schrödinger equation, elastic, excitation, and ionization amplitudes were derived within the First Born Approximation. Analytical and numerical calculations were performed for hydrogen, chosen for its tractability and relevance to light-element materials. Results show that elastic scattering dominates across 100–300 keV, while inelastic processes increase with beam energy loss and current density. The model distinguishes between plane-wave and spherical-wave illumination, the latter describing focused STEM probes. The spherical formulation predicts reduced scattering intensity and asymmetries in the diffraction pattern caused by probe misalignment, which are absent in the plane-wave case. Microscopic ionization processes progressively transform the target, producing free electrons and ions that alter the local electric field. The irradiated region is modeled as a thin disk where charge generation, recombination, diffusion, and drift are described by coupled transport–Poisson equations. From these, the total current density naturally defines an effective conductivity proportional to the sum of charge carrier mobilities and densities. Under quasi-neutral steady-state conditions, the system exhibits Ohmic behavior, and the macroscopic conductivity emerges from the microscopic dynamics rather than being imposed as a material constant. The novelty of this work lies in bridging quantum scattering theory with continuum transport, establishing a quantitative relation between ionization cross sections and beam-induced conductivity. The framework provides: (i) a microscopic foundation for charge generation in irradiated matter, (ii) a continuum model for charge redistribution and potential evolution, and (iii) predictive relations linking ionization probabilities to the emergent electrical behavior of the sample. The research combines analytical derivations with extensive Mathematica simulations for the numerical computation of quantum scattering integrals, relativistic kinematics, and steady-state solutions of the transport–Poisson system. Two journal papers are in preparation: “Comparison Between Spherical and Plane Wave Scattering on a Hydrogen Atom” and “Inelastic Electron–Sample Scattering and Beam-Induced Conductivity in TEM/STEM.” This unified approach connects atomic-scale scattering to macroscopic conduction phenomena, providing a rigorous basis for understanding beam-induced plasma effects and conductivity transitions in electron microscopy. The complete PhD thesis will be submitted by December 2025.
Questo lavoro studia l’interazione tra un fascio di elettroni ad alta energia (100–300 keV) e materiali funzionali sottili in condizioni TEM/STEM, collegando i processi quantomeccanici di scattering all’evoluzione macroscopica della carica, del potenziale e della conducibilità indotta dall’irraggiamento. L’obiettivo è sviluppare un modello auto-consistente multiscala che connetta l’equazione di Schrödinger con il trasporto di carica e l’accoppiamento di Poisson, chiarendo come un dielettrico neutro possa evolvere, sotto il fascio, in un sistema quasi conduttivo di tipo plasma. A partire dalla formulazione stazionaria relativisticamente corretta dell’equazione di Schrödinger, sono state derivate le ampiezze di scattering elastico, di eccitazione e di ionizzazione all’interno dell’Approssimazione di Born al primo ordine. I calcoli, condotti per l’idrogeno, mostrano che lo scattering elastico domina tra 100 e 300 keV, mentre i processi anelastici aumentano con la perdita di energia del fascio e la densità di corrente. Il modello distingue fra illuminazione a onda piana e a onda sferica, quest’ultima rappresentando le sonde focalizzate in STEM: la formulazione sferica prevede una minore intensità di scattering e asimmetrie nel pattern di diffrazione dovute al disallineamento del fascio. I processi di ionizzazione invece generano elettroni e ioni liberi che modificano il campo elettrico locale. La regione irradiata è modellata come un disco sottile in cui generazione, ricombinazione, diffusione e deriva sono descritte da equazioni di trasporto–Poisson accoppiate. Da queste si ottiene una conducibilità efficace proporzionale alle mobilità e alle densità dei portatori. In condizioni stazionarie quasi-neutre il sistema mostra un comportamento Ohmico, e la conducibilità emerge dalle dinamiche microscopiche senza essere imposta come costante del materiale. La novità del lavoro risiede nel legame tra teoria quantistica dello scattering e trasporto continuo, fornendo una relazione quantitativa fra le sezioni d’urto di ionizzazione e la conducibilità indotta dal fascio. Il modello offre: (i) una base microscopica per la generazione di carica, (ii) una descrizione continua dell’evoluzione del potenziale, e (iii) relazioni predittive che collegano le probabilità di ionizzazione al comportamento elettrico emergente del campione. La ricerca combina derivazioni analitiche e simulazioni in Mathematica per il calcolo degli integrali di scattering, della cinematica relativistica e delle soluzioni stazionarie del sistema trasporto–Poisson. Questo approccio collega i processi atomici alle proprietà macroscopiche di conduzione, fornendo una base rigorosa per comprendere gli effetti di plasma e le transizioni di conducibilità indotte dal fascio in microscopia elettronica. Sono in preparazione due articoli: Comparison Between Spherical and Plane Wave Scattering on a Hydrogen Atom e Inelastic Electron–Sample Scattering and Beam-Induced Conductivity in TEM/STEM. La tesi sarà consegnata entro dicembre 2025.
Effetti di plasma indotti dal fascio di elettroni nei materiali funzionali
CHIARI, CATERINA
2026
Abstract
This work investigates the interaction between a high-energy electron beam (100–300 keV) and thin functional materials under TEM/STEM conditions, linking quantum-mechanical scattering with the macroscopic evolution of charge, potential, and conductivity induced by irradiation. The goal is to build a self-consistent multiscale framework connecting the Schrödinger equation to charge transport and Poisson coupling, clarifying how an initially neutral dielectric can evolve into a quasi-conductive, plasma-like system. Starting from the relativistically corrected stationary Schrödinger equation, elastic, excitation, and ionization amplitudes were derived within the First Born Approximation. Analytical and numerical calculations were performed for hydrogen, chosen for its tractability and relevance to light-element materials. Results show that elastic scattering dominates across 100–300 keV, while inelastic processes increase with beam energy loss and current density. The model distinguishes between plane-wave and spherical-wave illumination, the latter describing focused STEM probes. The spherical formulation predicts reduced scattering intensity and asymmetries in the diffraction pattern caused by probe misalignment, which are absent in the plane-wave case. Microscopic ionization processes progressively transform the target, producing free electrons and ions that alter the local electric field. The irradiated region is modeled as a thin disk where charge generation, recombination, diffusion, and drift are described by coupled transport–Poisson equations. From these, the total current density naturally defines an effective conductivity proportional to the sum of charge carrier mobilities and densities. Under quasi-neutral steady-state conditions, the system exhibits Ohmic behavior, and the macroscopic conductivity emerges from the microscopic dynamics rather than being imposed as a material constant. The novelty of this work lies in bridging quantum scattering theory with continuum transport, establishing a quantitative relation between ionization cross sections and beam-induced conductivity. The framework provides: (i) a microscopic foundation for charge generation in irradiated matter, (ii) a continuum model for charge redistribution and potential evolution, and (iii) predictive relations linking ionization probabilities to the emergent electrical behavior of the sample. The research combines analytical derivations with extensive Mathematica simulations for the numerical computation of quantum scattering integrals, relativistic kinematics, and steady-state solutions of the transport–Poisson system. Two journal papers are in preparation: “Comparison Between Spherical and Plane Wave Scattering on a Hydrogen Atom” and “Inelastic Electron–Sample Scattering and Beam-Induced Conductivity in TEM/STEM.” This unified approach connects atomic-scale scattering to macroscopic conduction phenomena, providing a rigorous basis for understanding beam-induced plasma effects and conductivity transitions in electron microscopy. The complete PhD thesis will be submitted by December 2025.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358382
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-358382