BACKGROUND Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in industrialized countries, with a rising incidence linked to metabolic and hormonal factors. Although most cases have a favorable prognosis, a significant subset exhibits aggressive clinical behavior, necessitating more precise prognostic stratification. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 70 EC cases were analyzed at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico of Bari, using histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry (MMR proteins: MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6). A parallel bioinformatic analysis was performed on TCGA UCEC data to explore the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Among endometrioid ECs, 20.7% exhibited a dMMR phenotype, underlining the importance of MSI-H screening to identify candidates for immunotherapy. A significant association was observed between tumor grading and myometrial invasion (p = 0.036), whereas MMR status was not significantly correlated with age, parity, metabolic syndrome, or LVSI. GISTIC analysis revealed frequent mutations in CTCF and ARID1A, two genes essential for chromatin remodeling. CTCF, a multifunctional protein involved in topologically associating domain (TAD) organization and enhancer–promoter interaction, displayed frameshift or nonsense mutations (e.g., R448*) within zinc-finger domains, disrupting genomic integrity. These alterations were common in endometrioid ECs and associated with CTCF overexpression (tumor TPM: 24.7 vs 18.2 in normal tissues; p < 0.001). Although not statistically significant, higher expression was associated with a favorable trend in overall survival (HR = 0.51, p = 0.21). Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis of our samples did not show significant differences in CTCF expression between tumor and peritumoral tissues, likely due to sample preservation issues. CTCF was found to interact functionally with other key regulators such as ARID1A, TP53, and MMR proteins. ARID1A, a tumor suppressor gene encoding a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. Its loss promotes epigenetic instability and uncontrolled proliferation. Truncating mutations (e.g., R1989*) and biallelic deletions are frequent in endometrioid ECs (35–45%) and less common in serous subtypes (<10%), with a significant reduction in expression (tumor TPM ≈12.4 vs ≈20.7 in normal tissue; p < 0.001). Low ARID1A expression is associated with worse prognosis in MSI-H ECs, although no statistically significant difference in overall survival was found (HR = 0.79, p = 0.64). BAP1, a nuclear deubiquitinase with tumor suppressor function, interacts with ARID1A to preserve chromatin stability. Western blot analysis in our cohort revealed BAP1 absence in tumor tissues and presence in peritumoral tissues, suggesting a loss of tumor suppressor function in EC. This pattern is consistent with observations in other solid tumors (e.g., clear cell renal carcinoma, pleural mesothelioma, uveal melanoma), and may be associated with increased aggressiveness and epigenetic instability. CONCLUSIONS The integration of immunohistochemistry with omics-based analysis highlights the central role of CTCF and ARID1A in the epigenetic regulation of endometrial carcinoma. Comprehensive molecular and genetic characterization proves essential for improving prognostic accuracy and guiding the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.
BACKGROUND Il carcinoma endometriale (CE) è la neoplasia ginecologica più comune nei Paesi industrializzati, con incidenza in crescita per via di fattori metabolici e ormonali. Sebbene la maggior parte dei casi abbia decorso favorevole, una quota significativa presenta comportamento clinico aggressivo, rendendo necessaria una stratificazione prognostica più precisa. MATERIALI E METODI Sono stati analizzati 70 casi di CE presso la UOC di Ginecologia e Ostetricia del Policlinico di Bari mediante valutazione istopatologica e immunoistochimica (MMR: MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6). Parallelamente è stata condotta un’analisi bioinformatica su dati TCGA UCEC per approfondire i meccanismi genetico-molecolari coinvolti. RISULTATI Il 20,7% dei CE endometrioidi ha mostrato fenotipo dMMR, evidenziando l’importanza dello screening MSI-H per potenziale trattamento immunoterapico. È stata riscontrata un’associazione significativa tra grading e invasione miometriale (p = 0.036), mentre lo stato MMR non risultava correlato a età, parità, sindrome metabolica o LVSI. L’analisi GISTIC ha evidenziato mutazioni frequenti nei geni CTCF e ARID1A, chiave nella regolazione della cromatina. CTCF, proteina multifunzionale implicata nell’organizzazione dei TAD e nell’interazione enhancer-promotore, mostra mutazioni frameshift o nonsense (es. R448*) nei domini zinc-finger, compromettendo l’integrità genomica. Tali alterazioni sono frequenti nei CE endometrioidi e associate a sovraespressione di CTCF (TPM tumorali 24.7 vs 18.2 nei tessuti sani; p < 0.001). Sebbene non statisticamente significativa, l’alta espressione si associa a una tendenza favorevole nella sopravvivenza globale (HR = 0.51, p = 0.21). L'immunoistochimica e l'analisi Western Blot per CTCF condotte sui nostri campioni non ha mostrato differenze di espressione nei tessuti neoplastici rispetto ai tessuti perilesionali probabilmente per limiti legati alla mal conservazione dei campioni. CTCF interagisce funzionalmente con altre proteine tra cui ARID1A, TP53 e proteine MMR. ARID1A, oncosoppressore del complesso SWI/SNF, regola trascrizione e riparazione del DNA. La sua perdita promuove instabilità epigenetica e proliferazione incontrollata. Mutazioni truncating (es. R1989*) e delezioni bialleliche sono frequenti nei CE endometrioidi (35–45%), meno nei sierosi (<10%), con riduzione significativa dell’espressione (TPM tumorali ≈12.4 vs ≈20.7; p < 0.001). La bassa espressione di ARID1A è correlata a prognosi peggiore nei CE MSI-H, sebbene la significatività statistica nella OS non sia confermata (HR = 0.79, p = 0.64). BAP1, deubiquitinasi nucleare con funzione oncosoppressiva, interagisce con ARID1A per mantenere la stabilità della cromatina. L’analisi Western blot nella nostra casistica ha evidenziato l’assenza di espressione di BAP1 nei tessuti tumorali e la presenza di BAP1 nei tessuti perilesionali suggerendo una perdita della funzione oncosoppressiva di BAP1 nei CE, potenzialmente associata a maggiore aggressività e instabilità epigenetica, coerentemente con quanto descritto in altri tumori solidi (es. carcinoma renale a cellule chiare, mesotelioma pleurico, melanoma uveale). CONCLUSIONI L’integrazione tra immunoistochimica e analisi omiche rivela il ruolo centrale di CTCF e ARID1A nella regolazione epigenetica del CE. La caratterizzazione molecolare e genetica si conferma cruciale per affinare la prognosi e guidare lo sviluppo di terapie target mirate
Caratterizzazione genetico-biomolecolare dei carcinomi endometriali
CIALDELLA, MARIANGELA
2025
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in industrialized countries, with a rising incidence linked to metabolic and hormonal factors. Although most cases have a favorable prognosis, a significant subset exhibits aggressive clinical behavior, necessitating more precise prognostic stratification. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 70 EC cases were analyzed at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Policlinico of Bari, using histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemistry (MMR proteins: MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, MSH6). A parallel bioinformatic analysis was performed on TCGA UCEC data to explore the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms. RESULTS Among endometrioid ECs, 20.7% exhibited a dMMR phenotype, underlining the importance of MSI-H screening to identify candidates for immunotherapy. A significant association was observed between tumor grading and myometrial invasion (p = 0.036), whereas MMR status was not significantly correlated with age, parity, metabolic syndrome, or LVSI. GISTIC analysis revealed frequent mutations in CTCF and ARID1A, two genes essential for chromatin remodeling. CTCF, a multifunctional protein involved in topologically associating domain (TAD) organization and enhancer–promoter interaction, displayed frameshift or nonsense mutations (e.g., R448*) within zinc-finger domains, disrupting genomic integrity. These alterations were common in endometrioid ECs and associated with CTCF overexpression (tumor TPM: 24.7 vs 18.2 in normal tissues; p < 0.001). Although not statistically significant, higher expression was associated with a favorable trend in overall survival (HR = 0.51, p = 0.21). Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis of our samples did not show significant differences in CTCF expression between tumor and peritumoral tissues, likely due to sample preservation issues. CTCF was found to interact functionally with other key regulators such as ARID1A, TP53, and MMR proteins. ARID1A, a tumor suppressor gene encoding a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, plays a critical role in transcriptional regulation and DNA repair. Its loss promotes epigenetic instability and uncontrolled proliferation. Truncating mutations (e.g., R1989*) and biallelic deletions are frequent in endometrioid ECs (35–45%) and less common in serous subtypes (<10%), with a significant reduction in expression (tumor TPM ≈12.4 vs ≈20.7 in normal tissue; p < 0.001). Low ARID1A expression is associated with worse prognosis in MSI-H ECs, although no statistically significant difference in overall survival was found (HR = 0.79, p = 0.64). BAP1, a nuclear deubiquitinase with tumor suppressor function, interacts with ARID1A to preserve chromatin stability. Western blot analysis in our cohort revealed BAP1 absence in tumor tissues and presence in peritumoral tissues, suggesting a loss of tumor suppressor function in EC. This pattern is consistent with observations in other solid tumors (e.g., clear cell renal carcinoma, pleural mesothelioma, uveal melanoma), and may be associated with increased aggressiveness and epigenetic instability. CONCLUSIONS The integration of immunohistochemistry with omics-based analysis highlights the central role of CTCF and ARID1A in the epigenetic regulation of endometrial carcinoma. Comprehensive molecular and genetic characterization proves essential for improving prognostic accuracy and guiding the development of targeted therapeutic strategies.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/358505
URN:NBN:IT:UNIBA-358505