The interplay between environmental and social factors has emerged as a critical research area within geography, particularly with regard to spatial inequalities and uneven development. This thesis investigates the multidimensional and spatially constituted nature of environmental injustice in Campania’s “sacrifice zones” (Bullard, 2011), approaching justice not as a static condition of uneven distribution, but as a historically and politically produced process continually made and remade through relations of power. Engaging with and extending Walker’s (2009, 2012) framework of the multiple spatialities of environmental justice, it investigates how injustices spatially manifest, how they have been historically and politically produced, and how community-based aspirations can contribute to re-imagining those places and co-producing more just and transformative futures. First, the research maps where environmental contamination is most concentrated and who is affected both across the Campania region and within the city of Naples. A composite Index of Environmental Contamination Burden (IECB) was developed to measure the intensity and clustering of contaminated sites and waste facilities, analysed in relation to demographic, socio-economic and institutional indicators through a range of spatial techniques. The results reveal significant clustering of environmental burdens along the Naples–Caserta corridor, identifying distinct sacrifice zones—notably East Naples, Acerra, Caivano, and the Domitian Coast—where contamination intersects with socio-economic deprivation and institutional weakness. Second, the research examines why and how environmental injustices are produced and sustained through multiple spatialities—distribution, production, participation, recognition, responsibility. Drawing on oral histories, it unpacks the layered processes through which injustice takes form: how exposure is embodied and relational rather than merely proximal; how political and economic trajectories inscribe risk into specific landscapes; how misrecognition, silence, and exclusion reproduce injustice; and how responsibility is diffused across complex networks of public, private, and criminal actors. This analysis reframes environmental injustice as a multi-scalar, processual, and relational, revealing the intertwined material, structural, and discursive mechanisms through which sacrifice zones are both produced and normalized. Third, the thesis shifts its focus to the what now/what next, exploring the future-oriented and imaginative spatialities of environmental justice through participatory and speculative workshops. These Archives of the Future invited inhabitants of sacrifice zones to identify local assets and co-produce counter-spatial imaginaries. Emerging visions—ecological remediation, community governance, place-based economies, and narrative repair—contest the dominant portrayal of these territories as disposable and open spaces for socio-ecological transformation. By integrating these analyses, the thesis offers a comprehensive and relational understanding of environmental injustice as a multi-scalar and multi-temporal formation. Conceptually, the thesis advances environmental justice theory by extending Walker’s (2009, 2012) framework of multiple spatialities to encompass the historical–structural, embodied–affective, and imaginative dimensions of injustice. It demonstrates that environmental injustice is not only unevenly distributed but also historically produced, symbolically legitimised, and continually contested through interlinked spatialities of distribution, production, recognition, participation, responsibility, and imagination. By introducing imagination as a spatial and political practice, the thesis reframes space as both the medium and outcome of justice struggles, and as a site where alternatives can be collectively envisioned and enacted. Methodologically, it contributes a reflexive and integrative mixed-method design that bridges quantitative, qualitative, and participatory approaches as complementary modes of inquiry. While grounded in the lived realities of Campania’s sacrifice zones, the thesis speaks to broader geographies of injustice, offering insights that inform both local initiatives and broader debates on environmental justice and socio-ecological transformation.
L'interazione tra fattori ambientali e sociali è emersa come un'area di ricerca fondamentale nell'ambito della geografia, in particolare per quanto riguarda le disuguaglianze spaziali e lo sviluppo disomogeneo. Questa tesi indaga la natura multidimensionale e spazialmente costituita dell'ingiustizia ambientale nelle “zone di sacrificio” della Campania (Bullard, 2011), affrontando la giustizia non come una condizione statica di distribuzione disomogenea, ma come un processo storicamente e politicamente prodotto, continuamente creato e ricreato attraverso le relazioni di potere. Riprendendo e ampliando il quadro teorico di Walker (2009, 2012) sulle molteplici spazialità della giustizia ambientale, la tesi indaga come le ingiustizie si manifestano spazialmente, come sono state prodotte storicamente e politicamente e come le aspirazioni delle comunità possono contribuire a reimmaginare quei luoghi e a co-produrre futuri più giusti e trasformativi. In primo luogo, la ricerca mappa dove si concentra maggiormente la contaminazione ambientale e chi ne è colpito sia in tutta la regione Campania che nella città di Napoli. È stato sviluppato un indice composito del carico di contaminazione ambientale (IECB) per misurare l'intensità e la concentrazione dei siti contaminati e degli impianti di gestione dei rifiuti, analizzati in relazione a indicatori demografici, socioeconomici e istituzionali attraverso una serie di tecniche spaziali. I risultati rivelano una significativa concentrazione dei carichi ambientali lungo il corridoio Napoli-Caserta, identificando zone di sacrificio distinte - in particolare Napoli Est, Acerra, Caivano e il Litorale Domizio - dove la contaminazione si interseca con il degrado socio-economico e la fragilità istituzionale. In secondo luogo, la ricerca esamina perché e come le ingiustizie ambientali vengono prodotte e sostenute attraverso molteplici spazialità: distribuzione, produzione, partecipazione, riconoscimento, responsabilità. Attingendo alle storie orali, svela i processi stratificati attraverso i quali l'ingiustizia prende forma: come l'esposizione sia incarnata e relazionale piuttosto che meramente prossimale; come le traiettorie politiche ed economiche inscrivano il rischio in paesaggi specifici; come il mancato riconoscimento, il silenzio e l'esclusione riproducano l'ingiustizia; e come la responsabilità sia diffusa attraverso reti complesse di attori pubblici, privati e criminali. Questa analisi ridefinisce l'ingiustizia ambientale come territori usa e getta e spazi aperti alla trasformazione socio-ecologica. Questa analisi ridefinisce l'ingiustizia ambientale come un fenomeno multiscalare, processuale e relazionale, rivelando i meccanismi materiali, strutturali e discorsivi interconnessi attraverso i quali le zone di sacrificio vengono sia prodotte che normalizzate. In terzo luogo, la tesi sposta la sua attenzione sul futuro, esplorando le spazialità future e immaginative della giustizia ambientale attraverso workshop partecipativi e speculativi. Questi Archivi del Futuro hanno invitato gli abitanti delle zone di sacrificio a identificare le risorse locali e a co-produrre “contro-immaginari” spaziali. Le visioni emerse - il risanamento ecologico, la governance comunitaria, le economie basate sul territorio e la riparazione narrativa - contestano la rappresentazione dominante di questi territori come spazi sacrificabili e aprono la strada alla trasformazione socio-ecologica. Integrando queste analisi, la tesi offre una comprensione olistica e relazionale dell'ingiustizia ambientale come formazione multiscalare e multitemporale. Concettualmente, la tesi sviluppa la teoria della giustizia ambientale estendendo il framework delle spazialità multiple di Walker (2009, 2012) per includere le dimensioni storico-strutturali, incarnate-affettive e immaginative dell'ingiustizia. Dimostra che l'ingiustizia ambientale non solo è distribuita in modo diseguale, ma è anche prodotta storicamente, legitimata simbolicamente e continuamente contestata attraverso spazialità interconnesse di distribuzione, produzione, riconoscimento, partecipazione, responsabilità e immaginazione. Introducendo l'immaginazione come pratica spaziale e politica, la tesi ridefinisce lo spazio come mezzo e risultato delle lotte per la giustizia e come luogo in cui è possibile immaginare e attuare collettivamente alternative. Dal punto di vista metodologico, contribuisce con un disegno di ricerca misto, riflessivo e integrativo, che unisce approcci quantitativi, qualitativi e partecipativi come modalità complementari di indagine. Pur basandosi sulle realtà vissute delle zone sacrificali della Campania, la tesi affronta tematiche di ingiustizia più ampie, offrendo spunti di riflessione che informano sia le iniziative locali sia i dibattiti più ampi sulla giustizia ambientale e la trasformazione socio-ecologica.
Geographies of environmental injustice in Campania’s sacrifice zones: a mixed-method approach
SCOGNAMIGLIO, GIORGIA
2026
Abstract
The interplay between environmental and social factors has emerged as a critical research area within geography, particularly with regard to spatial inequalities and uneven development. This thesis investigates the multidimensional and spatially constituted nature of environmental injustice in Campania’s “sacrifice zones” (Bullard, 2011), approaching justice not as a static condition of uneven distribution, but as a historically and politically produced process continually made and remade through relations of power. Engaging with and extending Walker’s (2009, 2012) framework of the multiple spatialities of environmental justice, it investigates how injustices spatially manifest, how they have been historically and politically produced, and how community-based aspirations can contribute to re-imagining those places and co-producing more just and transformative futures. First, the research maps where environmental contamination is most concentrated and who is affected both across the Campania region and within the city of Naples. A composite Index of Environmental Contamination Burden (IECB) was developed to measure the intensity and clustering of contaminated sites and waste facilities, analysed in relation to demographic, socio-economic and institutional indicators through a range of spatial techniques. The results reveal significant clustering of environmental burdens along the Naples–Caserta corridor, identifying distinct sacrifice zones—notably East Naples, Acerra, Caivano, and the Domitian Coast—where contamination intersects with socio-economic deprivation and institutional weakness. Second, the research examines why and how environmental injustices are produced and sustained through multiple spatialities—distribution, production, participation, recognition, responsibility. Drawing on oral histories, it unpacks the layered processes through which injustice takes form: how exposure is embodied and relational rather than merely proximal; how political and economic trajectories inscribe risk into specific landscapes; how misrecognition, silence, and exclusion reproduce injustice; and how responsibility is diffused across complex networks of public, private, and criminal actors. This analysis reframes environmental injustice as a multi-scalar, processual, and relational, revealing the intertwined material, structural, and discursive mechanisms through which sacrifice zones are both produced and normalized. Third, the thesis shifts its focus to the what now/what next, exploring the future-oriented and imaginative spatialities of environmental justice through participatory and speculative workshops. These Archives of the Future invited inhabitants of sacrifice zones to identify local assets and co-produce counter-spatial imaginaries. Emerging visions—ecological remediation, community governance, place-based economies, and narrative repair—contest the dominant portrayal of these territories as disposable and open spaces for socio-ecological transformation. By integrating these analyses, the thesis offers a comprehensive and relational understanding of environmental injustice as a multi-scalar and multi-temporal formation. Conceptually, the thesis advances environmental justice theory by extending Walker’s (2009, 2012) framework of multiple spatialities to encompass the historical–structural, embodied–affective, and imaginative dimensions of injustice. It demonstrates that environmental injustice is not only unevenly distributed but also historically produced, symbolically legitimised, and continually contested through interlinked spatialities of distribution, production, recognition, participation, responsibility, and imagination. By introducing imagination as a spatial and political practice, the thesis reframes space as both the medium and outcome of justice struggles, and as a site where alternatives can be collectively envisioned and enacted. Methodologically, it contributes a reflexive and integrative mixed-method design that bridges quantitative, qualitative, and participatory approaches as complementary modes of inquiry. While grounded in the lived realities of Campania’s sacrifice zones, the thesis speaks to broader geographies of injustice, offering insights that inform both local initiatives and broader debates on environmental justice and socio-ecological transformation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/359094
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-359094