The lysine methylase SMYD3 was shown to be overexpressed in various types of cancer and linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (1). Moreover, it is known that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor initiating cells with importance in metastasis formation and a very strong link with EMT (2). With this state of the art, our goal was to investigate a possible link between CSCs and SMYD3 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), possibly through EMT. SMYD3 KO reduced the expression of stemness and EMT markers in MDA-MB-231 cells, reducing the ability of cells to form primary and secondary tumor spheroids. BT549 cells seem to be affected by SMYD3 depletion only in terms of proliferation and growth. RNA sequencing results deriving from MDA-MB-231 tumor spheroids revealed a possible SMYD3 involvement in chromosome instability (CIN), in the interferon response and in the cGAS-STING pathway. Cancer cells can be characterized usually by a high state of CIN, leading to the release of genomic DNA in the cytoplasm, associated with the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which acts as a pro-survival pathway (3). We investigated the link between SMYD3 and CIN, confirming that SMYD3 KO diminishes the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, particularly the pro-survival one, upregulating the pro-apoptotic pathway that drives cell death instead, in both cell lines. Moreover, genomic DNA presence in the cytoplasm was evalu-ated and it revealed a high state of CIN, which diminishes following SMYD3 KO in both cell lines. Particularly in BT549, centrosomes were analysed, revealing a possible link between SMYD3 depletion and interference with their duplication process. Moreover, SMYD3 was found to be localized in the centrosomes. Finally, a SMYD3 interactor, Nucleophosmin (NPM1), was confirmed in BT549 cells, leading to a possible mechanism behind the involvement of SMYD3 in CIN.
La metilasi delle lisine SMYD3 risulta essere over espressa in diversi tipi di tumore, e legata alla transizione epitelio-mesenchimale (EMT) (1). Inoltre, le cellule staminali del cancro (CSCs) sono cellule iniziatrici del tumore importanti nella formazione di metastasi e correlate all’EMT (2). Il nostro obiettivo era dunque quello di studiare la possibile relazione tra le CSCs e SMYD3 nel cancro al seno triplo negativo (TNBC). I dati prodotti mostrano l’impatto del knock-out (KO) di SMYD3 nelle cellule MDA-MB-231; infatti, il KO di SMYD3 riduce l’espressione di marcatori della staminalità e dell’EMT, riducendo la capacità di queste cellule di formare sferoidi. Invece, nelle BT549, il KO di SMYD3 determina una diminuzione solo della proliferazione e della capa-cità migratoria. Risultati di sequenziamento dell’RNA da sferoidi primari di MDA-MB-231 hanno rivelato un possibile coinvolgimento di SMYD3 nel pathway di cGAS-STING. Le cellule cancerose sono caratterizzate da un alto livello di CIN, il quale porta al rilascio di DNA genomico nel citoplasma, che viene riconosciuto dal pathway di cGAS-STING, che viene a sua volta attivato nel suo ramo pro-sopravvivenza. Questo porta vantaggi alle cellule tumorali, quali miglior sopravvivenza e crescita (3). Dunque, abbiamo studiato la relazione tra SMYD3 e la CIN, confermando che il KO di SMYD3 diminuisce l’attivazione del pathway di cGAS-STING nella sua componente pro-so-pravvivenza, mentre aumenta la componente del pathway pro-apoptotica, che porta le cellule a morte. Inoltre, è stata analizzata la presenza di DNA genomico nel citoplasma, indicando che i livelli di DNA genomico diminuiscono a seguito del KO di SMYD3 in entrambe le linee cellulari. Inoltre, un’analisi dei centrosomi nelle cellule BT549, indica che la presenza di SMYD3 possa influenzare il meccanismo di duplicazione dei centrosomi. Inoltre, SMYD3 localizza anche nei centrosomi, nelle cellule BT549. Infine, abbiamo confermato che Nucleophosmin (NPM1), re-sponsabile del controllo della duplicazione dei centrioli, è un interattore di SMYD3 nelle cellule BT549, indicando un possibile meccanismo tramite cui SMYD3 induce CIN.
SMYD3: A PLAYER IN STEMNESS AND CHROMOSOME INSTABILITY IN TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER
CAGLIO, FRANCESCA
2026
Abstract
The lysine methylase SMYD3 was shown to be overexpressed in various types of cancer and linked to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (1). Moreover, it is known that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor initiating cells with importance in metastasis formation and a very strong link with EMT (2). With this state of the art, our goal was to investigate a possible link between CSCs and SMYD3 in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), possibly through EMT. SMYD3 KO reduced the expression of stemness and EMT markers in MDA-MB-231 cells, reducing the ability of cells to form primary and secondary tumor spheroids. BT549 cells seem to be affected by SMYD3 depletion only in terms of proliferation and growth. RNA sequencing results deriving from MDA-MB-231 tumor spheroids revealed a possible SMYD3 involvement in chromosome instability (CIN), in the interferon response and in the cGAS-STING pathway. Cancer cells can be characterized usually by a high state of CIN, leading to the release of genomic DNA in the cytoplasm, associated with the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which acts as a pro-survival pathway (3). We investigated the link between SMYD3 and CIN, confirming that SMYD3 KO diminishes the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, particularly the pro-survival one, upregulating the pro-apoptotic pathway that drives cell death instead, in both cell lines. Moreover, genomic DNA presence in the cytoplasm was evalu-ated and it revealed a high state of CIN, which diminishes following SMYD3 KO in both cell lines. Particularly in BT549, centrosomes were analysed, revealing a possible link between SMYD3 depletion and interference with their duplication process. Moreover, SMYD3 was found to be localized in the centrosomes. Finally, a SMYD3 interactor, Nucleophosmin (NPM1), was confirmed in BT549 cells, leading to a possible mechanism behind the involvement of SMYD3 in CIN.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/359547
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-359547