For the study of architectural restoration in Spain, the second half of the 20th century should be understood in historical terms, rather than from a rigid chronology, as the period from the Civil War (1936-1939) to the 'Transition to Democracy' (1975-1979). This phenomenon would only be completed with the pr ocess of decentralisation of powers in 1986. The period from 1936 to 1986 covers five fundamental decades in the political and social transformation of Spain. It will also be a period of cultural and patrimonial transformation, as - with other dates - it will be in Italy and Europe in general. We started from the consideration that the historical situation of both States was exactly the opposite in these decades. The succession of dictatorship, war and republic in Italy had the opposite process in Spain. We have considered it essential to go back in time on certain occasions. For example, when dealing with the Civil War itself, we realised that certain fundamental trends were beginning to take shape, or rather the conceptual frameworks of the following decades. We are referring, in the first instance, to the questioning of the autonomy of restoration as a discipline. The research stemmed from our interest in interpreting the restoration that resumed in Spain during the second half of the 20th century, as well as analysing the contemporary influence of Italian restoration culture. A particularly fundamental period for European heritage had been overshadowed with implications of a different nature in Spain. The successive central restoration services ('Servicio de Defensa del Patrimonio Artístico Nacional' (PAN), 'Comisaría del PAN' or 'Servicio de Monumentos') had not been analysed until now, beyond the specific projects. To this end, we have delved into the documentation of the General Archive of the Administration, the IPCE or those of Education or Culture Moreover, the specific process of the reception of Italian influence in this field had not been the subject of precise prior investigation. We have tried to complete it through the documentation of the Spanish Academy in Rome and ICCROM, as well as through the archives mentioned above. The references we found in the publications of the time focused mainly on prestige and self-justification. For these reasons, we found several trends mixed together, which actually exhibit a high degree of antagonism towards each other. For this same reason, we also wanted to start from the analysis of the training received in the two Spanish 'Escuelas' of Architecture, as well as the architectural historiography of the period, which had a great influence on the training of these restorers. This historiography was largely indebted to a post-war generationism that decided to recover the generation of 1898, ignoring an entire generation, that of '27 and identified with the Republic, which had contributed to Spanish culture with the so-called 'Silver Age'. This was the case of the Marquis of Lozoya, who became the Director General of Fine Arts (1939-1951) and who in 1930 had produced a work based on what he called the ‘romantic conception of history’. This was also the case with the publication of a seminal book in 1947, called the ‘Invariantes castizos de la Arquitectura española’ by the architect, restorer and professor from Madrid, Fernando Chueca Goitia, based on a re-reading of the work of Miguel de Unamuno ‘En torno al casticismo’, a collection of essays published in 1895. Against that background, Leopoldo Torres Balbás emerged after the war with clear ideas and a vast knowledge. He suffered from being purged and disqualified as a restorer while he was busy proposing pro-conservative criteria. Until now, his numerous and very interesting critical annotations regarding the restoration of the forties and fifties have not been discussed as a whole. These are writings that reveal the fundamental role that this great figure could have played in the Spanish restoration after the war. One of the great difficulties in dealing with this period was the lack of specialised publications on the restoration during the Franco dictatorship (1939-1975). However, this does not mean that there has been no development in theory or practice in Spain. We have considered that not only the projects, but also their works on the history of architecture and even their drawings, are elements that have defined the vision and sense of the various restorers. Many of them stood out as historians of architecture and indirectly explain to us how they approached their restorations. For this reason, we have focused on the rigorous work of Félix Hernández Giménez as an architect-archaeologist and that of Francisco Íñiguez Almech who, despite his ambiguous attitude, was fundamental in the forties and fifties. Luis Cervera Vera also contributed his interest in documentary study as a way of warding off pastiche. Once the point of view of the architect-restorer has been interpreted, it is possible to analyse his relationship with international influences. We have understood the Spanish Academy in Rome as a reality distinct from that of Spain, which was used from the perspective of foreign policy to promote a specific image of the country abroad. The Academy's regulations that we have been studying show these hesitations when dealing with restoration and the history of architecture. International modern architecture at that time displaced all interest in history, as a protest against the monumentalist historicism promoted by the State in the 1940s. The Academy was an opportunity seized by the Regime to convey a superficial image of modernity through its scholarships, as well as the pavilions and international exhibitions financed for this purpose. The debate that had arisen between organic architecture and restoration criteria was of great interest to Spanish architects, as it shed light on how to approach the environment in historic cities. They adopted the museums in historic buildings of Carlo Scarpa, Franco Albini, Franca Helg, Franco Minissi and BBPR as a point of reference, while rejecting the Brandian theory o restoration based on the premises of structuralist analysis, which they did not fully assimilate. From the SDPAN management (1963-1969), From the late sixties, Gabriel Alomar promoted the arrival in Rome of architects to be trained as restorers by ICCROM. Relations were strengthened and real exchanges between the two countries began, especially through Italo Carlo Angle, Guglielmo De Angelis d'Ossat and Franca Helg and thanks, above all, to Alberto García Gil in his pioneering direction of the Monuments Service (1971-1974). Over the following two decades, young Spanish architects participated in this course as well as in the Scuola di Perfezionamento and later in the Specializzazione. They mainly dealt with restoration from an educational standpoint, whether in universities or in other administrative centres (Centro Segovia, Instituto de Restauración de Monumentos y de Conjuntos, CETRA), rather than from their own professional practice. As a consequence of the initial cultural exchanges with Italy in the latter part of the sixties and seventies, tools such as photogrammetry were introduced in Spain by figures including the architect Antonio Almagro (1974). Other methods, such as the "archaeology of architecture", were introduced in the eighties by the archaeologists Luis Caballero Zoreda and Alberto López Mullor. These tools influenced a renewed interpretation of historical architecture and progressively transformed the gaze of the architect-restorer. This transformation was further influenced by additional Hispanic developments, which contributed to shaping a progressively more material-focused perspective on restoration. The final chapter discusses how the successive central services created in Spain during our period dealt with the restoration of monuments, their surroundings and the historic city. We have studied the various attempts at improvement and renovation by means of unpublished archival documentation. Through the interpretation of this documentation, we have been able to discern the initial expectations of the various actors involved and to observe how these expectations were often frustrated or only partially assimilated. Finally, we have included an extensive documentary appendix, divided into the documentation of the service itself, the minutes of the Advisory Council or the projects dealt with, as well as long and rich interviews with Alberto García Gil and Antoni González Moreno-Navarro, two of the most representative personalities who were kind enough to share their experiences and opinions of this period.
Nello studio del restauro architettonico in Spagna, la seconda metà del Novecento deve essere intesa in termini storici anziché in una rigida cronologia. Per questo motivo, abbiamo considerato il periodo che va dalla Guerra di Spagna (1936-1939) alla 'Transición democratica' (1975-1979), il quale culminerà con il processo di decentramento delle competenze nel 1986. Il periodo che va dal 1936 al 1986 è costituito da cinque decenni fondamentali nella trasformazione politica e sociale della Spagna. Lo sarà anche nella trasformazione culturale e patrimoniale, come accadrà in Italia e in Europa alla fine della Seconda Guerra Mondiale. Eravamo partiti dalla considerazione che la situazione storica di entrambi gli Stati era esattamente opposta in questi decenni. La successione di dittatura, guerra e repubblica in Italia ha avuto il processo opposto in Spagna. Abbiamo ritenuto fondamentale tornare indietro in certe occasioni fino alla Guerra Civile stessa, poiché quando abbiamo iniziato a notare che allora si stavano formando alcune tendenze fondamentali, ovvero i quadri concettuali dei decenni successivi. Ci riferiamo, innanzitutto, alla messa in discussione dell'autonomia del restauro come disciplina. La ricerca è partita dalla nostra necessità di interpretare il restauro ripreso in Spagna nella seconda metà del XX secolo, nonché di analizzare quale sia stato l'influenza coeva della cultura italiana del restauro. Un periodo particolarmente fondamentale per il patrimonio europeo che era stato oscurato da implicazioni di altro tipo in Spagna. Fino ad ora, i successivi servizi centrali di restauro (Servizio di Difesa del Patrimonio Artistico Nazionale (PAN), Commissariato del PAN o Servizio di Monumenti), non erano stati analizzati al di là dei progetti specifici. A tal fine, abbiamo approfondito la documentazione dell''Archivo General de la Administración' , dell''Instituto de Patrimonio Cultural de España' (IPCE) o di quelli dell''Educación' o della Cultura. Non era stato neppure affrontato con precisione il processo concreto di ricezione della cultura italiana del momento nel nostro campo. Abbiamo cercato di completarlo attraverso la documentazione dell'Accademia di Spagna a Roma e dell'ICCROM, nonché degli archivi sopra menzionati. I riferimenti che abbiamo trovato nelle pubblicazioni dell'epoca ci hanno dimostrato che i professionisti spagnoli cercavano più il prestigio e l'auto-giustificazione in queste citazioni dei teorici italiani che una vera assimilazione riflessiva. Per questi motivi, nei riferimenti era comune che diverse tendenze, in realtà fortemente contrapposte tra loro, apparissero mescolate. Questo ci ha portato anche ad analizzare la formazione ricevuta nelle due 'Escuelas' di architettura spagnole, così come la storiografia dell'architettura che ha influenzato in larga misura la formazione di questi architetti restauratori. Questa storiografia fu, in gran parte, debitrice durante il dopoguerra di un 'rigenerazionismo', che decise di recuperare la 'Generación del 98', ignorando un'intera generazione, quella del 27 che aveva portato alla cultura spagnola la cosiddetta Età dell'Argento, e che si identificava con la Repubblica. All'interno di questa storiografia, abbiamo evidenziato il ruolo del marchese di Lozoya, che divenne direttore generale delle Belle Arti (1939-1951) e che già nel 1930 aveva creato un'opera basata su ciò che egli chiamava il concetto «romantico della storia». Lo stesso vale per la pubblicazione nel 1947 di un libro di grande portata, intitolato 'Invariantes castizos de la Arquitectura española' dell'architetto restauratore e professore ordinario a Madrid, Fernando Chueca Goitia, basato su una rilettura dell'opera di Miguel de Unamuno, 'En torno al casticismo', una raccolta di saggi pubblicata nel 1895. Di fronte a tutto ciò, dopo la guerra, si alzò la chiarezza di idee e la grande conoscenza di Leopoldo Torres Balbás che, tuttavia, finì per subire la depurazione e l'inabilitazione come restauratore mentre si occupava di proporre criteri ‘proconservatori’. Finora, le sue numerose e interessantissime annotazioni critiche sul restauro degli anni Quaranta e Cinquanta non sono state commentate nel loro insieme. Si tratta dell'unica cosa che poteva fare per cercare di fermare l'involuzione teorica che si stava verificando nel suo paese. Sono scritti che rivelano il ruolo fondamentale che questa grande figura avrebbe potuto svolgere nel restauro spagnolo nel dopoguerra. Una delle grandi difficoltà nell'affrontare questo periodo è stata la mancanza di pubblicazioni specializzate sul restauro durante la dittatura franchista (1939-1975). Ciò non significa che in Spagna non ci sia stata un'evoluzione nella teoria o nella pratica. Abbiamo considerato che non solo i progetti, ma anche i loro lavori di storia dell'architettura e persino il disegno sono elementi che hanno definito lo sguardo e il gusto dei diversi architetti restauratori. Molti di loro si sono distinti come storici dell'architettura e ci spiegano indirettamente come hanno affrontato i loro restauri. Per questo motivo ci siamo soffermati sul rigoroso lavoro di Félix Hernández Giménez come architetto-archeologo e su quello di Francisco Íñiguez Almech che, nonostante il suo atteggiamento ambiguo, è stato fondamentale negli anni Quaranta e Cinquanta. Anche Luis Cervera Vera ha contribuito alla valutazione dello studio documentario come forma di scongiurare il 'pastiche' storicista. Una volta interpretato lo sguardo iniziale dell'architetto restauratore spagnolo, è stato possibile analizzare come si è relazionato con le influenze internazionali. Abbiamo interpretato l'Accademia di Spagna a Roma come una realtà diversa da quella vissuta in Spagna, che è stata utilizzata dalla politica estera come piattaforma per promuovere un'immagine concreta del paese dall'estero. I regolamenti dell'Accademia che abbiamo studiato mostrano questi esitamenti nel trattare il restauro e la Storia dell'architettura. L'architettura moderna internazionale spostava in quel momento ogni interesse per la Storia tra i più giovani architetti spagnoli, come rivendicazione contro gli storicismi monumentalisti promossi dallo Stato negli anni Quaranta. L'Accademia fu l'occasione sfruttata dal Regime per trasmetter e un'immagine tuttora illusoria di modernità attraverso i suoi pensionati, nonché attraverso i padiglioni e le mostre internazionali finanziate a questo scopo negli anni Cinquanta e all'inizio degli anni Sessanta. Il dibattito che si era instaurato tra l'architettura organica e i criteri di restauro era di grande interesse per gli architetti spagnoli, poiché faceva luce su come affrontare l'ambiente nelle città storiche. Presero come riferimento i musei in edifici storici di Carlo Scarpa, Franco Albini, Franca Helg, Franco Minissi o il BBPR, ma si opposero alla teoria brandiana del restauro, a partire da premesse basate su un'analisi strutturalista, che non fu del tutto assimilata. Dalla direzione SDPAN (1963-1969), Gabriel Alomar promosse l'arrivo a Roma di architetti per formarsi come restauratori all'ICCROM a partire dalla fine degli anni Sessanta. I rapporti si rafforzarono e iniziarono i veri scambi tra i due paesi, soprattutto grazie a Italo Carlo Angle, Guglielmo De Angelis d'Ossat o Franca Helg e soprattutto ad Alberto García Gil nella sua pionieristica direzione del Servizio Monumenti (1971-1974). Durante i due decenni successivi, giovani architetti spagnoli hanno partecipato sia a questo corso che alla Scuola di Perfezionamento e poi di Specializzazione. Si sono occupati di restauro principalmente attraverso l'insegnamento, sia nelle università che in altri centri dipendenti dall'amministrazione (Centro Segovia, Istituto di Restauro di Monumenti e Complessi, CETRA), piuttosto che attraverso la pratica professionale. Questi primi contatti con l'Italia tra la fine degli anni Sessanta e gli anni Settanta hanno permesso di introdurre in Spagna strumenti come la fotogrammetria grazie all'architetto Antonio Almagro (1974), o metodologie come l'“archeologia dell'architettura” nell'analisi della stratigrafia muraria, con gli archeologi Luis Caballero Zoreda o Alberto López Mullor negli anni Ottanta. Questi strumenti analitici hanno influenzato una rinnovata interpretazione dell'architettura storica e hanno progressivamente trasformato lo sguardo dell'architetto restauratore. A ciò si sono aggiunti altri sviluppi, completamente ispanici, che hanno contribuito a formare uno sguardo progressivamente più interessato all'aspetto materiale del'architettura storica. Un ultimo capitolo ha affrontato il modo in cui i successivi servizi centrali creati in Spagna durante il nostro periodo si sono occupati del restauro monumentale, del suo ambiente e della città storica. Abbiamo esplorato i vari tentativi di aggiornamento e rinnovamento attraverso documentazione archivistica inedita. Grazie alla sua interpretazione, abbiamo visto quali erano le sue aspettative iniziali e come sono state così spesso frustrate o assimilate in modo incompleto. Infine, si è raccolto un ampio appendice documentale che separa la documentazione del servizio stesso, i verbali del Consiglio consultivo o i progetti trattati, nonché lunghe e ricche interviste ad Alberto García Gil e Antoni González Moreno-Navarro, due delle figure più rappresentative, che hanno avuto la gentilezza di condividere le loro esperienze e opinioni su questo periodo.
La cultura del restauro in Spagna nella seconda metà del Novecento. Rapporti e sinergie con l’Italia
GONZALEZ DUQUE, CARLOS
2025
Abstract
For the study of architectural restoration in Spain, the second half of the 20th century should be understood in historical terms, rather than from a rigid chronology, as the period from the Civil War (1936-1939) to the 'Transition to Democracy' (1975-1979). This phenomenon would only be completed with the pr ocess of decentralisation of powers in 1986. The period from 1936 to 1986 covers five fundamental decades in the political and social transformation of Spain. It will also be a period of cultural and patrimonial transformation, as - with other dates - it will be in Italy and Europe in general. We started from the consideration that the historical situation of both States was exactly the opposite in these decades. The succession of dictatorship, war and republic in Italy had the opposite process in Spain. We have considered it essential to go back in time on certain occasions. For example, when dealing with the Civil War itself, we realised that certain fundamental trends were beginning to take shape, or rather the conceptual frameworks of the following decades. We are referring, in the first instance, to the questioning of the autonomy of restoration as a discipline. The research stemmed from our interest in interpreting the restoration that resumed in Spain during the second half of the 20th century, as well as analysing the contemporary influence of Italian restoration culture. A particularly fundamental period for European heritage had been overshadowed with implications of a different nature in Spain. The successive central restoration services ('Servicio de Defensa del Patrimonio Artístico Nacional' (PAN), 'Comisaría del PAN' or 'Servicio de Monumentos') had not been analysed until now, beyond the specific projects. To this end, we have delved into the documentation of the General Archive of the Administration, the IPCE or those of Education or Culture Moreover, the specific process of the reception of Italian influence in this field had not been the subject of precise prior investigation. We have tried to complete it through the documentation of the Spanish Academy in Rome and ICCROM, as well as through the archives mentioned above. The references we found in the publications of the time focused mainly on prestige and self-justification. For these reasons, we found several trends mixed together, which actually exhibit a high degree of antagonism towards each other. For this same reason, we also wanted to start from the analysis of the training received in the two Spanish 'Escuelas' of Architecture, as well as the architectural historiography of the period, which had a great influence on the training of these restorers. This historiography was largely indebted to a post-war generationism that decided to recover the generation of 1898, ignoring an entire generation, that of '27 and identified with the Republic, which had contributed to Spanish culture with the so-called 'Silver Age'. This was the case of the Marquis of Lozoya, who became the Director General of Fine Arts (1939-1951) and who in 1930 had produced a work based on what he called the ‘romantic conception of history’. This was also the case with the publication of a seminal book in 1947, called the ‘Invariantes castizos de la Arquitectura española’ by the architect, restorer and professor from Madrid, Fernando Chueca Goitia, based on a re-reading of the work of Miguel de Unamuno ‘En torno al casticismo’, a collection of essays published in 1895. Against that background, Leopoldo Torres Balbás emerged after the war with clear ideas and a vast knowledge. He suffered from being purged and disqualified as a restorer while he was busy proposing pro-conservative criteria. Until now, his numerous and very interesting critical annotations regarding the restoration of the forties and fifties have not been discussed as a whole. These are writings that reveal the fundamental role that this great figure could have played in the Spanish restoration after the war. One of the great difficulties in dealing with this period was the lack of specialised publications on the restoration during the Franco dictatorship (1939-1975). However, this does not mean that there has been no development in theory or practice in Spain. We have considered that not only the projects, but also their works on the history of architecture and even their drawings, are elements that have defined the vision and sense of the various restorers. Many of them stood out as historians of architecture and indirectly explain to us how they approached their restorations. For this reason, we have focused on the rigorous work of Félix Hernández Giménez as an architect-archaeologist and that of Francisco Íñiguez Almech who, despite his ambiguous attitude, was fundamental in the forties and fifties. Luis Cervera Vera also contributed his interest in documentary study as a way of warding off pastiche. Once the point of view of the architect-restorer has been interpreted, it is possible to analyse his relationship with international influences. We have understood the Spanish Academy in Rome as a reality distinct from that of Spain, which was used from the perspective of foreign policy to promote a specific image of the country abroad. The Academy's regulations that we have been studying show these hesitations when dealing with restoration and the history of architecture. International modern architecture at that time displaced all interest in history, as a protest against the monumentalist historicism promoted by the State in the 1940s. The Academy was an opportunity seized by the Regime to convey a superficial image of modernity through its scholarships, as well as the pavilions and international exhibitions financed for this purpose. The debate that had arisen between organic architecture and restoration criteria was of great interest to Spanish architects, as it shed light on how to approach the environment in historic cities. They adopted the museums in historic buildings of Carlo Scarpa, Franco Albini, Franca Helg, Franco Minissi and BBPR as a point of reference, while rejecting the Brandian theory o restoration based on the premises of structuralist analysis, which they did not fully assimilate. From the SDPAN management (1963-1969), From the late sixties, Gabriel Alomar promoted the arrival in Rome of architects to be trained as restorers by ICCROM. Relations were strengthened and real exchanges between the two countries began, especially through Italo Carlo Angle, Guglielmo De Angelis d'Ossat and Franca Helg and thanks, above all, to Alberto García Gil in his pioneering direction of the Monuments Service (1971-1974). Over the following two decades, young Spanish architects participated in this course as well as in the Scuola di Perfezionamento and later in the Specializzazione. They mainly dealt with restoration from an educational standpoint, whether in universities or in other administrative centres (Centro Segovia, Instituto de Restauración de Monumentos y de Conjuntos, CETRA), rather than from their own professional practice. As a consequence of the initial cultural exchanges with Italy in the latter part of the sixties and seventies, tools such as photogrammetry were introduced in Spain by figures including the architect Antonio Almagro (1974). Other methods, such as the "archaeology of architecture", were introduced in the eighties by the archaeologists Luis Caballero Zoreda and Alberto López Mullor. These tools influenced a renewed interpretation of historical architecture and progressively transformed the gaze of the architect-restorer. This transformation was further influenced by additional Hispanic developments, which contributed to shaping a progressively more material-focused perspective on restoration. The final chapter discusses how the successive central services created in Spain during our period dealt with the restoration of monuments, their surroundings and the historic city. We have studied the various attempts at improvement and renovation by means of unpublished archival documentation. Through the interpretation of this documentation, we have been able to discern the initial expectations of the various actors involved and to observe how these expectations were often frustrated or only partially assimilated. Finally, we have included an extensive documentary appendix, divided into the documentation of the service itself, the minutes of the Advisory Council or the projects dealt with, as well as long and rich interviews with Alberto García Gil and Antoni González Moreno-Navarro, two of the most representative personalities who were kind enough to share their experiences and opinions of this period.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/360703
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-360703