The outsourcing of production activities represents one of the main organisational strategies of contemporary enterprises, aimed at enhancing efficiency and competitiveness. This practice, however, entails significant legal and managerial implications, particularly in relation to the joint and several liability of the principal, as established by Article 29 of Legislative Decree No. 276/2003. The issue of subcontracting now holds an undisputed centrality and, in the author’s view, there is an urgent need to develop a private supplier qualification system. Within the broader framework of corporate social responsibility and related certification schemes, despite several attempts, the legislator has neither succeeded nor perhaps been willing or able to introduce clear and codified instruments capable of producing exonerating effects. This deficiency results in a lack of protection for the contracting entrepreneur, who remains exposed to extensive liabilities even in the presence of diligent conduct. Hence the need for a risk management and control model capable of certifying the integrity of selection, qualification and monitoring processes, fostering a culture of substantive rather than merely formal compliance.The research, conducted through a multidisciplinary and comparative approach, begins with an analysis of the outsourcing phenomenon and its implications in labour law, examining the regulatory and jurisprudential evolution of subcontracting and its distinction from labour supply. Particular attention is devoted to the recent innovations introduced by Decree-Law No. 19/2024 and Decree-Law of 7 May 2024, which have reinforced the principle of “congruity” as a parameter of transparency and contractual legitimacy. Within this framework, the thesis analyses the profiles of culpa in eligendo and culpa in vigilando on the part of the principal, identifying the conditions under which a qualification and monitoring system may constitute proof of due diligence and, de jure condendo, assume an exonerating function.The study examined the main voluntary certification and control systems, both national and international — including UNI ISO 9001:2015, SA8000, SMETA, Organisational Models pursuant to Legislative Decree 231/2001, ASSE.CO certification, the SOA system and the OMNIA protocol developed by the Marco Biagi Foundation — integrating them with existing sectoral and territorial qualification models. This comparative analysis led to the identification of a set of best practices and shared principles, consolidated in the proposal of a Unified Contractor Qualification Protocol based on five pillars: preventive due diligence, contractual traceability, continuous monitoring, digital transparency, and integration within corporate governance.Building on these foundations, a synergic qualification and control model has been developed, structured in two interconnected phases: the ex ante phase, aimed at assessing the contractor’s technical, professional, ethical and labour-law reliability; and the ex post phase, focused on the dynamic monitoring of compliance through periodic audits and digital tracking tools. The proposed model integrates certifiable qualification and continuous supervision, constituting an advanced form of labour-law compliance capable of reducing or excluding the principal’s joint liability.The thesis concludes by proposing a methodological model addressed to legislators and social partners, designed to promote the adoption of formally certified qualification systems that integrate ex ante and ex post controls in the management of labour-intensive subcontracting. The work ultimately aims to provide an operational and legal-organisational model that may be recognised as a potential exonerating factor of the principal’s joint liability, guiding the outsourcing system towards a paradigm founded on legality, sustainability and transparency, in line with the European principles of corporate due diligence.
L’esternalizzazione delle attività produttive rappresenta una delle principali strategie organizzative dell’impresa contemporanea, finalizzata a incrementare efficienza e competitività. Tale pratica, tuttavia, genera rilevanti implicazioni giuridiche e gestionali, soprattutto in relazione alla responsabilità solidale del committente prevista dall’art. 29 del D.lgs. n. 276/2003. Il tema degli appalti riveste oggi una centralità indiscussa e, a parere di chi scrive, si impone l’urgenza di costruire un sistema di qualificazione dei fornitori ad uso privato. Nell’ambito della responsabilità sociale d’impresa e dei relativi sistemi di attestazione, infatti, nonostante alcuni tentativi, il legislatore non è riuscito, non ha voluto o non ha potuto introdurre strumenti certi e codificati idonei a produrre effetti esimenti. Tale carenza determina un deficit di tutela per l’imprenditore-committente, che permane esposto a responsabilità estese anche in presenza di condotte diligenti. Da qui l’esigenza di un modello di gestione e controllo del rischio da appalto capace di attestare la correttezza dei processi di selezione, qualificazione e vigilanza, promuovendo una cultura della compliance sostanziale e non meramente formale.La ricerca, condotta con approccio multidisciplinare e comparato, prende avvio da un’analisi del fenomeno dell’outsourcing e delle sue implicazioni nel diritto del lavoro, approfondendo l’evoluzione normativa e giurisprudenziale dell’appalto e la distinzione dalla somministrazione. Particolare attenzione è rivolta alle recenti innovazioni introdotte dal D.L. 19/2024 e dal D.L. 7 maggio 2024, che hanno rafforzato il principio di “congruità” quale parametro di trasparenza e legittimità contrattuale. In questo quadro, la tesi analizza i profili di culpa in eligendo e culpa in vigilando del committente, individuando le condizioni per cui un sistema di qualificazione e monitoraggio possa costituire prova dell’adempimento del dovere di diligenza e, de jure condendo, assumere funzione esimente.L’indagine ha esaminato i principali sistemi volontari di certificazione e controllo, nazionali e internazionali — UNI ISO 9001:2015, SA8000, SMETA, Modelli Organizzativi ex D.lgs. 231/2001, certificazione ASSE.CO, sistema SOA e protocollo OMNIA della Fondazione Marco Biagi — integrandoli con modelli di qualificazione settoriali e territoriali. Da tale comparazione è emerso un insieme di best practices confluito nella proposta di un Protocollo unico di qualificazione dell’appaltatore, basato su cinque pilastri: due diligence preventiva, tracciabilità contrattuale, monitoraggio continuo, trasparenza digitale e integrazione nella governance aziendale.Su tali basi è stato elaborato un modello sinergico di qualificazione e controllo, articolato in una fase ex ante, volta alla valutazione dell’affidabilità tecnico-professionale, etica e giuslavoristica dell’appaltatore, e in una fase ex post, orientata al monitoraggio dinamico degli adempimenti mediante audit periodici e strumenti digitali. Il modello integra qualificazione certificabile e vigilanza continua, configurandosi come una forma di compliance giuslavoristica avanzata idonea a ridurre o escludere la responsabilità solidale del committente. La tesi si conclude proponendo un modello metodologico rivolto al legislatore e alle parti sociali, finalizzato a promuovere l’adozione di sistemi di qualificazione formalmente certificati che integrino controlli ex ante ed ex post nella gestione degli appalti labour intensive. Il lavoro mira, in prospettiva, a fornire un modello operativo e giuridico-organizzativo che possa essere riconosciuto quale potenziale fattore esimente della responsabilità solidale del committente, orientando il sistema di esternalizzazione verso un paradigma fondato su legalità, sostenibilità e trasparenza, in coerenza con i principi europei di corporate due diligence.
RESPONSABILITÀ SOLIDALE E QUALIFICAZIONE DELL’APPALTATORE: PROFILI GIURIDICI E PROSPETTIVE DI ESENZIONE PER L’IMPRENDITORE-COMMITTENTE
AURELIO, GIULIO MARIO
2026
Abstract
The outsourcing of production activities represents one of the main organisational strategies of contemporary enterprises, aimed at enhancing efficiency and competitiveness. This practice, however, entails significant legal and managerial implications, particularly in relation to the joint and several liability of the principal, as established by Article 29 of Legislative Decree No. 276/2003. The issue of subcontracting now holds an undisputed centrality and, in the author’s view, there is an urgent need to develop a private supplier qualification system. Within the broader framework of corporate social responsibility and related certification schemes, despite several attempts, the legislator has neither succeeded nor perhaps been willing or able to introduce clear and codified instruments capable of producing exonerating effects. This deficiency results in a lack of protection for the contracting entrepreneur, who remains exposed to extensive liabilities even in the presence of diligent conduct. Hence the need for a risk management and control model capable of certifying the integrity of selection, qualification and monitoring processes, fostering a culture of substantive rather than merely formal compliance.The research, conducted through a multidisciplinary and comparative approach, begins with an analysis of the outsourcing phenomenon and its implications in labour law, examining the regulatory and jurisprudential evolution of subcontracting and its distinction from labour supply. Particular attention is devoted to the recent innovations introduced by Decree-Law No. 19/2024 and Decree-Law of 7 May 2024, which have reinforced the principle of “congruity” as a parameter of transparency and contractual legitimacy. Within this framework, the thesis analyses the profiles of culpa in eligendo and culpa in vigilando on the part of the principal, identifying the conditions under which a qualification and monitoring system may constitute proof of due diligence and, de jure condendo, assume an exonerating function.The study examined the main voluntary certification and control systems, both national and international — including UNI ISO 9001:2015, SA8000, SMETA, Organisational Models pursuant to Legislative Decree 231/2001, ASSE.CO certification, the SOA system and the OMNIA protocol developed by the Marco Biagi Foundation — integrating them with existing sectoral and territorial qualification models. This comparative analysis led to the identification of a set of best practices and shared principles, consolidated in the proposal of a Unified Contractor Qualification Protocol based on five pillars: preventive due diligence, contractual traceability, continuous monitoring, digital transparency, and integration within corporate governance.Building on these foundations, a synergic qualification and control model has been developed, structured in two interconnected phases: the ex ante phase, aimed at assessing the contractor’s technical, professional, ethical and labour-law reliability; and the ex post phase, focused on the dynamic monitoring of compliance through periodic audits and digital tracking tools. The proposed model integrates certifiable qualification and continuous supervision, constituting an advanced form of labour-law compliance capable of reducing or excluding the principal’s joint liability.The thesis concludes by proposing a methodological model addressed to legislators and social partners, designed to promote the adoption of formally certified qualification systems that integrate ex ante and ex post controls in the management of labour-intensive subcontracting. The work ultimately aims to provide an operational and legal-organisational model that may be recognised as a potential exonerating factor of the principal’s joint liability, guiding the outsourcing system towards a paradigm founded on legality, sustainability and transparency, in line with the European principles of corporate due diligence.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/360795
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-360795