Rheumatic diseases are complex chronic conditions characterized by inflammatory, physical and psychological dimensions that interact to shape the overall disease experience. Beyond joint and tissue pathology, these conditions profoundly affect patients’ emotional well-being, coping mechanisms and perceived quality of life. The present thesis sought to examine the dynamic interplay between psychological and clinical variables in rheumatic diseases, adopting a biopsychosocial perspective to better understand the relationship between disease symptoms and outcomes and psychological processes. Specifically, it aimed to investigate how coping strategies are related to fatigue and whether these relationships are mediated or moderated by factors such as depression, anxiety, sex, diagnosis, disease activity and duration. Moreover, the thesis analyzes the determinants of and compares health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and axial spondyloarthritis. Additionally, it examines the association between disease activity and health-related quality of life, with fatigue as a possible mediator. Furthermore, the thesis examined sex differences in clinical and psychological profiles and developed a non-pharmacological intervention protocol that integrates psychological and physiotherapy-based components. Collectively, the overarching goal was to develop more effective, holistic management strategies for individuals whose symptoms and outcomes remain suboptimal despite standard rheumatological treatment. The research findings provide a detailed understanding of the interconnections between clinical symptoms and psychological mechanisms in rheumatic diseases. In the first part of the thesis, dysfunctional coping seems to be a significant predictor of fatigue, with depression and anxiety mediating this association. These findings highlight the possible pivotal role of emotional and cognitive processes in maintaining fatigue symptoms, suggesting that how patients interpret and respond to their illness may influence their physical and mental experience of fatigue. Furthermore, diagnosis and sex seem to be significant moderators in the proposed models, while disease activity and duration exerted no significant influence on these pathways. The second segment of the thesis, focused on HRQoL, revealed that while patients with rheumatoid arthritis reported the lowest quality of life among rheumatic diseases, similar psychosocial mechanisms were related to HRQoL across rheumatic conditions. Common determinants, particularly disease activity, depression, and anxiety, explained a large portion of HRQoL variance. Fatigue partially mediated the relationship between disease activity and physical domains of HRQoL, accounting for up to 40% of this association. Moreover, in psoriatic arthritis, first-line rheumatological treatment was a significant moderator of the direct effect. In contrast, sex and comorbidities did not significantly influence the tested models. The third section of the thesis examined sex differences in rheumatic diseases, revealing that women consistently scored worse across most clinical and psychological measures. Fatigue, perceived stress, anxiety, and pain were the principal contributors to both physical and mental HRQoL, particularly among female patients, reinforcing the necessity for sex-sensitive clinical and psychological care. Building on these empirical findings, the final phase of the thesis introduced the Fatigue reduction in Rheumatic diseases: Efficacy Evaluation (FREE) trial, a randomized controlled study designed to evaluate two tailored, group-based, non-pharmacological interventions: one psychological and one physiotherapy-oriented. The trial aims to determine and compare whether, and to what extent, each intervention can reduce fatigue, the primary outcome, and improve secondary outcomes such as disease activity, depression, anxiety, pain, physical functioning, sleep quality and overall HRQoL. Taken together, the results of this thesis highlight the crucial importance of addressing psychological variables alongside clinical factors in rheumatology. By jointly considering sociodemographic, psychological and clinical dimensions, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms linking coping, emotional distress and disease activity, offering a foundation for integrative, patient-centered therapeutic approaches. The exploration of non-pharmacological interventions, such as psychological and physiotherapy-based treatments, represents an essential advancement toward multidisciplinary care models. Ultimately, acknowledging patients’ subjective experiences and psychological responses to chronic illness fosters a holistic, sex-sensitive, and precision-based model of rheumatology care that enhances overall well-being and treatment effectiveness.
Le malattie reumatiche sono condizioni croniche complesse caratterizzate da componenti infiammatorie, fisiche e psicologiche che interagiscono nel modellare l’esperienza complessiva della malattia. Oltre alla patologia articolare e tissutale, queste condizioni influenzano profondamente il benessere emotivo dei pazienti, i meccanismi di coping e la qualità della vita percepita. La presente tesi si è proposta di esaminare l’interazione dinamica tra variabili psicologiche e cliniche nelle malattie reumatiche, adottando una prospettiva biopsicosociale al fine di comprendere meglio la relazione tra sintomi della malattia, esiti e processi psicologici. In particolare, l’obiettivo è stato indagare come le strategie di coping siano associate alla fatica e se tali relazioni siano mediate o moderate da fattori quali depressione, ansia, sesso, diagnosi, attività della malattia e durata della malattia. Inoltre, la tesi analizza i determinanti di e confronta la qualità della vita correlata alla salute (HRQoL) tra pazienti con artrite reumatoide, artrite psoriasica e spondiloartrite assiale. Inoltre, viene esaminata la relazione tra attività della malattia e HRQoL, con la fatica come possibile mediatore. La tesi ha anche esplorato le differenze di genere nei profili clinici e psicologici e ha sviluppato un protocollo d’intervento non farmacologico che integra componenti psicologiche e fisioterapiche. Complessivamente, l’obiettivo generale è stato quello di sviluppare strategie di gestione più efficaci e olistiche per individui i cui sintomi ed esiti rimangono subottimali nonostante i trattamenti reumatologici standard. I risultati della ricerca forniscono una comprensione dettagliata delle interconnessioni tra sintomi clinici e meccanismi psicologici nelle malattie reumatiche. Nella prima parte della tesi, il coping disfunzionale sembra essere un predittore significativo della fatica, con depressione e ansia che mediano tale associazione. Questi risultati evidenziano il possibile ruolo cruciale dei processi emotivi e cognitivi nel mantenimento dei sintomi di fatica, suggerendo che il modo in cui i pazienti interpretano e rispondono alla malattia può influenzare la loro esperienza fisica e mentale della fatica. Inoltre, diagnosi e sesso sembrano essere moderatori significativi nei modelli proposti, mentre attività della malattia e durata della malattia non hanno esercitato un’influenza significativa su questi percorsi. La seconda sezione della tesi, focalizzata sulla HRQoL, ha mostrato che, sebbene i pazienti con artrite reumatoide riportassero la qualità della vita più bassa tra le malattie reumatiche, meccanismi psicosociali simili sono correlati alla HRQoL attraverso le diverse condizioni reumatiche. Determinanti comuni, in particolare attività della malattia, depressione e ansia, spiegano una larga parte della varianza nella HRQoL. La fatica ha mediato parzialmente la relazione tra attività della malattia e i domini fisici della HRQoL, spiegando fino al 40% di tale associazione. Inoltre, nell’artrite psoriasica, il trattamento reumatologico di prima linea è risultato essere un moderatore significativo dell’effetto diretto. Al contrario, sesso e comorbidità non hanno influenzato in modo significativo i modelli testati. La terza parte della tesi ha esaminato le differenze di sesso nelle malattie reumatiche, rivelando che le donne hanno ottenuto costantemente punteggi peggiori nella maggior parte delle misure cliniche e psicologiche. Fatica, stress percepito, ansia e dolore sono risultati i principali contributori sia ai domini fisici che mentali della HRQoL, in particolare tra le pazienti di sesso femminile, sottolineando la necessità di un’assistenza clinica e psicologica sensibile al sesso. Sulla base di questi risultati empirici, la fase finale della tesi ha introdotto il Fatigue reduction in Rheumatic diseases: Efficacy Evaluation (FREE) trial, uno studio randomizzato controllato progettato per valutare due interventi personalizzati non farmacologici di gruppo: uno psicologico e l’altro orientato alla fisioterapia. Lo studio mira a determinare e confrontare se, e in quale misura, ciascun intervento possa ridurre la fatica, l’esito primario, e migliorare gli esiti secondari quali attività della malattia, depressione, ansia, dolore, funzionamento fisico, qualità del sonno e HRQoL complessiva. Complessivamente, i risultati di questa tesi evidenziano l’importanza cruciale di considerare le variabili psicologiche insieme ai fattori clinici in reumatologia. Analizzando congiuntamente le dimensioni sociodemografiche, psicologiche e cliniche, la ricerca fornisce una comprensione completa dei meccanismi che collegano coping, disagio emotivo e attività della malattia, offrendo una base per approcci terapeutici integrati e centrati sul paziente. L’esplorazione degli interventi non farmacologici, come quelli psicologici e fisioterapici, rappresenta un passo essenziale verso modelli di cura multidisciplinari. Infine, riconoscere le esperienze soggettive e le risposte psicologiche dei pazienti alle malattie croniche promuove un modello di cura reumatologica olistico, sensibile al sesso e basato sulla precisione, in grado di migliorare il benessere complessivo e l’efficacia dei trattamenti.
Psychological and clinical correlates in patients with rheumatic diseases
RISTIC, BRANKO
2026
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases are complex chronic conditions characterized by inflammatory, physical and psychological dimensions that interact to shape the overall disease experience. Beyond joint and tissue pathology, these conditions profoundly affect patients’ emotional well-being, coping mechanisms and perceived quality of life. The present thesis sought to examine the dynamic interplay between psychological and clinical variables in rheumatic diseases, adopting a biopsychosocial perspective to better understand the relationship between disease symptoms and outcomes and psychological processes. Specifically, it aimed to investigate how coping strategies are related to fatigue and whether these relationships are mediated or moderated by factors such as depression, anxiety, sex, diagnosis, disease activity and duration. Moreover, the thesis analyzes the determinants of and compares health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and axial spondyloarthritis. Additionally, it examines the association between disease activity and health-related quality of life, with fatigue as a possible mediator. Furthermore, the thesis examined sex differences in clinical and psychological profiles and developed a non-pharmacological intervention protocol that integrates psychological and physiotherapy-based components. Collectively, the overarching goal was to develop more effective, holistic management strategies for individuals whose symptoms and outcomes remain suboptimal despite standard rheumatological treatment. The research findings provide a detailed understanding of the interconnections between clinical symptoms and psychological mechanisms in rheumatic diseases. In the first part of the thesis, dysfunctional coping seems to be a significant predictor of fatigue, with depression and anxiety mediating this association. These findings highlight the possible pivotal role of emotional and cognitive processes in maintaining fatigue symptoms, suggesting that how patients interpret and respond to their illness may influence their physical and mental experience of fatigue. Furthermore, diagnosis and sex seem to be significant moderators in the proposed models, while disease activity and duration exerted no significant influence on these pathways. The second segment of the thesis, focused on HRQoL, revealed that while patients with rheumatoid arthritis reported the lowest quality of life among rheumatic diseases, similar psychosocial mechanisms were related to HRQoL across rheumatic conditions. Common determinants, particularly disease activity, depression, and anxiety, explained a large portion of HRQoL variance. Fatigue partially mediated the relationship between disease activity and physical domains of HRQoL, accounting for up to 40% of this association. Moreover, in psoriatic arthritis, first-line rheumatological treatment was a significant moderator of the direct effect. In contrast, sex and comorbidities did not significantly influence the tested models. The third section of the thesis examined sex differences in rheumatic diseases, revealing that women consistently scored worse across most clinical and psychological measures. Fatigue, perceived stress, anxiety, and pain were the principal contributors to both physical and mental HRQoL, particularly among female patients, reinforcing the necessity for sex-sensitive clinical and psychological care. Building on these empirical findings, the final phase of the thesis introduced the Fatigue reduction in Rheumatic diseases: Efficacy Evaluation (FREE) trial, a randomized controlled study designed to evaluate two tailored, group-based, non-pharmacological interventions: one psychological and one physiotherapy-oriented. The trial aims to determine and compare whether, and to what extent, each intervention can reduce fatigue, the primary outcome, and improve secondary outcomes such as disease activity, depression, anxiety, pain, physical functioning, sleep quality and overall HRQoL. Taken together, the results of this thesis highlight the crucial importance of addressing psychological variables alongside clinical factors in rheumatology. By jointly considering sociodemographic, psychological and clinical dimensions, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms linking coping, emotional distress and disease activity, offering a foundation for integrative, patient-centered therapeutic approaches. The exploration of non-pharmacological interventions, such as psychological and physiotherapy-based treatments, represents an essential advancement toward multidisciplinary care models. Ultimately, acknowledging patients’ subjective experiences and psychological responses to chronic illness fosters a holistic, sex-sensitive, and precision-based model of rheumatology care that enhances overall well-being and treatment effectiveness.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/360990
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVR-360990