Advancements in powertrain technology and the expanding electrification of vehicles have made batteries one of the primary solutions to the rising need for energy storage. With the growing demand for electric batteries, the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS), which plays a crucial role in ensuring their safety, performance, and lifespan, has gained increasing importance. In this thesis, in the first stage, C-rates of 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C, and 3C, which are applicable to automotive applications, were analyzed using a 1D Isothermal Lithium-ion Battery model developed with the Battery Design Module of COMSOL Multiphysics software. Following this study, the same model was examined under various electrolyte and electrode materials. In the next stage, the effects of different cooling fluids and flow rates were investigated on the Thermal Modeling of a Cylindrical Lithium-ion Battery in a 3D model. These included conventional coolants (air and water) as well as nanofluid coolants using water, ethylene glycol (EG), and ethylene glycol water (EGW) as base fluids, and separately Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles at different volume fractions (2%, 3%, and 5%). Furthermore, the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array methodology, combined with S/N ratio analysis and ANOVA, was applied to minimize the maximum temperature (Tmax) by optimizing control factors such as base fluid, nanoparticle fraction, battery spacing, and inlet temperature (Tinlet). The initial results showed that under higher C-rate operating conditions, variations occurred in the voltage ranges of the electrolyte and electrode, in the salt concentration profiles within the electrolyte, and in the lithium concentrations of the surface and center electrode particles. Regarding the effects of electrolyte and electrode materials, batteries with polymer electrolytes exhibited a slightly higher average salt concentration compared to liquid electrolytes. The battery with a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) positive electrode experienced the largest change in lithium concentration at the surface and center, whereas the LiNiO2 cathode showed the smallest variation. When examining the cooling strategies, the most significant improvement initially occurred when switching from air to water, with nanofluids providing additional gains. Crucially, the optimization study identified the base fluid and Tinlet as the most dominant factors affecting performance. The optimized design (A3-B3-C3-D1), utilizing water with a 5% Al2O3 volume fraction, achieved a Tmax of 33.5°C. This represents a 46.4% reduction compared to the experimentally validated air-cooled reference model 62.5°C. Additionally, the optimized design demonstrated superior thermal stability, exhibiting a heating rate reduction of 73% compared to the air-cooled model. The study started with the 1D model including Lithium-Ion Battery Interface and continued with the 3D thermal model including Heat Transfer Interface. This integrated approach, validated against the literature and confirmed by the Taguchi method's ability to predict superior optimums, provides a robust tool to guide the design and optimization of future BTMS.
I progressi nella tecnologia dei gruppi propulsori e la crescente elettrificazione dei veicoli hanno reso le batterie una delle soluzioni primarie alla crescente necessità di accumulo di energia. Con la crescente domanda di batterie per veicoli elettrici, il Sistema di Gestione Termica della Batteria (BTMS), che svolge un ruolo cruciale nel garantirne la sicurezza, le prestazioni e la durata, ha acquisito un'importanza sempre maggiore. In questa tesi, in una prima fase, sono stati analizzati i tassi di C (C-rates) di 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C e 3C, applicabili ad applicazioni automobilistiche, utilizzando un modello di batteria agli ioni di litio isotermica 1D sviluppato con il modulo batteria e design del software COMSOL Multiphysics. Successivamente a questo studio, lo stesso modello è stato esaminato utilizzando vari materiali per elettrolita ed elettrodo. Nella fase successiva, sono stati studiati gli effetti di diversi fluidi refrigeranti e delle loro portate sul Modello Termico di una Batteria Cilindrica agli Ioni di Litio in 3D. Questi includevano refrigeranti convenzionali (aria e acqua) e nanofluidi refrigeranti che utilizzavano acqua, glicole etilenico (EG) e acqua-glicole etilenico (EGW) come fluidi di base, e nanoparticelle di Al2O3 e CuO a diverse frazioni volumetriche (2%, 3% e 5%). Inoltre, è stata applicata la metodologia dell'array ortogonale Taguchi L9, combinata con l'analisi del rapporto S/N e l'ANOVA, per minimizzare la temperatura massima (Tmax) ottimizzando fattori di controllo quali fluido di base, frazione di nanoparticelle, spaziatura della batteria e temperatura di ingresso. I risultati iniziali hanno mostrato che, in condizioni operative ad alti tassi di C, si verificavano variazioni negli intervalli di tensione e nei profili di concentrazione. Riguardo ai materiali, le batterie con elettroliti polimerici hanno mostrato una concentrazione salina media leggermente superiore rispetto a quelle con elettroliti liquidi. La batteria con un elettrodo positivo LFP ha registrato la maggiore variazione di concentrazione di litio superficiale, mentre il catodo LiNiO2 ha mostrato la variazione più piccola. Esaminando le strategie di raffreddamento, il miglioramento più significativo si verifica passando dall'aria all'acqua, con ulteriori vantaggi offerti dai nanofluidi. Fondamentalmente, lo studio di ottimizzazione ha identificato il fluido di base e la temperatura di ingresso come i fattori più dominanti. Il design ottimizzato (A3-B3-C3-D1), utilizzando acqua con una frazione volumetrica del 5% di Al2O3, ha raggiunto una Tmax di 33.5°C. Ciò rappresenta una riduzione del 46.4% rispetto al modello di riferimento raffreddato ad aria (62.5°C). Inoltre, il design ottimizzato ha dimostrato una stabilità termica superiore, con una riduzione del tasso di riscaldamento del 73% rispetto al modello ad aria. Lo studio ha avuto inizio con il modello 1D ed è proseguito con il modello termico 3D. Questo approccio integrato, validato rispetto alla letteratura e confermato dalla capacità del metodo Taguchi di prevedere ottimi superiori, fornisce uno strumento robusto per guidare la progettazione e l'ottimizzazione dei futuri sistemi di gestione termica delle batterie.
Modellazione Numerica da 1D a 3D di Batterie agli Ioni di Litio
KAYA, ELIF
2026
Abstract
Advancements in powertrain technology and the expanding electrification of vehicles have made batteries one of the primary solutions to the rising need for energy storage. With the growing demand for electric batteries, the Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS), which plays a crucial role in ensuring their safety, performance, and lifespan, has gained increasing importance. In this thesis, in the first stage, C-rates of 0.1C, 0.5C, 1C, 2C, and 3C, which are applicable to automotive applications, were analyzed using a 1D Isothermal Lithium-ion Battery model developed with the Battery Design Module of COMSOL Multiphysics software. Following this study, the same model was examined under various electrolyte and electrode materials. In the next stage, the effects of different cooling fluids and flow rates were investigated on the Thermal Modeling of a Cylindrical Lithium-ion Battery in a 3D model. These included conventional coolants (air and water) as well as nanofluid coolants using water, ethylene glycol (EG), and ethylene glycol water (EGW) as base fluids, and separately Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles at different volume fractions (2%, 3%, and 5%). Furthermore, the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array methodology, combined with S/N ratio analysis and ANOVA, was applied to minimize the maximum temperature (Tmax) by optimizing control factors such as base fluid, nanoparticle fraction, battery spacing, and inlet temperature (Tinlet). The initial results showed that under higher C-rate operating conditions, variations occurred in the voltage ranges of the electrolyte and electrode, in the salt concentration profiles within the electrolyte, and in the lithium concentrations of the surface and center electrode particles. Regarding the effects of electrolyte and electrode materials, batteries with polymer electrolytes exhibited a slightly higher average salt concentration compared to liquid electrolytes. The battery with a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) positive electrode experienced the largest change in lithium concentration at the surface and center, whereas the LiNiO2 cathode showed the smallest variation. When examining the cooling strategies, the most significant improvement initially occurred when switching from air to water, with nanofluids providing additional gains. Crucially, the optimization study identified the base fluid and Tinlet as the most dominant factors affecting performance. The optimized design (A3-B3-C3-D1), utilizing water with a 5% Al2O3 volume fraction, achieved a Tmax of 33.5°C. This represents a 46.4% reduction compared to the experimentally validated air-cooled reference model 62.5°C. Additionally, the optimized design demonstrated superior thermal stability, exhibiting a heating rate reduction of 73% compared to the air-cooled model. The study started with the 1D model including Lithium-Ion Battery Interface and continued with the 3D thermal model including Heat Transfer Interface. This integrated approach, validated against the literature and confirmed by the Taguchi method's ability to predict superior optimums, provides a robust tool to guide the design and optimization of future BTMS.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361052
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-361052