Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder caused by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals carrying the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2 and/or DQ8. With an overall average prevalence of 1% it is one of the most diffused chronic diseases worldwide. It affects the proximal small intestine leading to intestinal damage, malnutrition and other intestinal symptoms frequently accompanied by a wide variety of extraintestinal symptoms. To date, there is no cure for CD, and the only available therapy is a lifelong gluten-free diet which, despite working, is difficult to follow and has side-effects both physically and mentally on the patient. CD pathogenesis has an important immune component that is well known but the autoimmune response can’t fully explain CD pathogenesis, meaning that over components must be involved in CD pathogenesis. Among these, it is still unclear what the effect of gluten peptides is on intestinal cells, possibly due to the lack of a suitable model. Recently, the development of organoid technology allowed the generation of intestinal organoids derived from duodenal or colonic tissue, giving a useful tool to study intestinal cells in a more faithful in vitro model. In this PhD thesis, we evaluated the induction of ER stress in enterocytes in a patient’s derived organoid from control and CD patients by a digest of gliadin with pepsin and trypsin (peptic-tryptic gliadin digest, PTG) to mimic gliadin peptides. First, we showed induction of ER stress in a cell model using CaCo-2, in an animal model using gluten-sensitive mouse intestine in the gut ex-vivo system (GEVS) after PTG stimulation, and in patients biopsies. Then we established reproducible protocols for organoids generation from control and CD patient’s duodenal biopsies, culturing and expanding them maintaining their stemness. To obtain an organoid resembling intestinal tissue cellular composition, we established a differentiation protocol to differentiate intestinal stem cells into the other intestinal cell types. This is confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA) on staminal organoids versus differentiated ones, and qPCR analysis of differentiation marker gene for enterocytes, confirming the presence of Goblet cells too, and of a small population of Paneth cells. From this analysis we didn’t observe differences between control and CD organoids, meaning that organoids of both groups are generated and differentiated with the same efficiency. To resemble intestinal cell organization and mimic the interaction between gliadin peptides and enterocytes’ apical surface, we inverted the polarity of our organoids exposing the apical surface outside (apical-out organoids) while previously it was facing the inner cavity of the organoid (basal-out organoids), confirming the inversion through immunofluorescence. With our protocols set up and verified, organoids from 7 control patients and 6 CD patients have been generated, expanded, differentiated and inverted: these are stimulated with PTG for 1h and 8h or left untreated, then analyzed by qPCR to evaluate ER stress induction and of a CD marker to check if the organoids retain some typical celiac characteristics. The data obtained suggests a trend in CD patients detecting ER stress after 8h. However, these data have high standard deviations, indicating a heterogeneous sensibility to PTG across CD patients not restricted to ER stress induction but as a response to PTG as a whole since CD marker has also high standard deviation.
La celiachia (CD) è una malattia autoimmune sistemica scatenata dall'ingestione di glutine in individui geneticamente predisposti portatori degli antigeni leucocitari umani (HLA) DQ2 e/o DQ8. Con una prevalenza media complessiva dell'1%, è una delle malattie croniche più diffuse a livello mondiale. Colpisce l'intestino tenue prossimale, causando danno intestinale, malnutrizione e altri sintomi intestinali, spesso accompagnati da un'ampia varietà di sintomi extraintestinali. Ad oggi, non esiste una cura per la CD e l'unica terapia disponibile è una dieta rigorosamente priva di glutine per tutta la vita che, sebbene efficace, è difficile da seguire e ha effetti collaterali sia fisici che mentali sul paziente. La patogenesi della CD ha un'importante componente immunitaria ben nota, ma la risposta autoimmune non può spiegarla completamente, suggerendo che altri componenti debbano essere coinvolti. Tra questi, non è ancora chiaro l'effetto dei peptidi del glutine sulle cellule intestinali, forse a causa della mancanza di un modello adeguato. Recentemente, lo sviluppo della tecnologia degli organoidi ha permesso la generazione di organoidi intestinali derivati da tessuto duodenale o colon, offrendo uno strumento utile per studiare le cellule intestinali in un modello in vitro più fedele. In questa tesi di dottorato, abbiamo valutato l'induzione dello stress del reticolo endoplasmatico (ER stress) negli enterociti in organoidi derivati da pazienti controllo e pazienti celiaci, mediante un digerito di gliadina con pepsina e tripsina (PTG) per mimare i peptidi della gliadina. In primo luogo, abbiamo mostrato l'induzione di ER stress in un modello cellulare (CaCo-2), in un modello animale (intestino di topo sensibile al glutine nel sistema ex-vivo intestinale - GEVS) dopo stimolazione con PTG, e in biopsie di pazienti. Successivamente, abbiamo definito protocolli riproducibili per la generazione di organoidi da biopsie duodenali di pazienti controllo e celiaci, coltivandoli ed espandendoli mantenendone la staminalità. Per ottenere un organoide che assomigli alla composizione cellulare del tessuto intestinale, abbiamo definito un protocollo di differenziamento per differenziare le cellule staminali intestinali negli altri tipi cellulari intestinali. Ciò è stato confermato dall'analisi delle componenti principali (PCA) su organoidi staminali versus quelli differenziati, e dall'analisi qPCR dei geni marker di differenziamento per gli enterociti, confermando anche la presenza di cellule di Goblet e di una piccola popolazione di cellule di Paneth. Da questa analisi non abbiamo osservato differenze tra organoidi controllo e celiaci, il che significa che gli organoidi di entrambi i gruppi sono generati e differenziati con la stessa efficienza. Per assomigliare all'organizzazione cellulare intestinale e mimare l'interazione tra i peptidi di gliadina e la superficie apicale degli enterociti, abbiamo invertito la polarità dei nostri organoidi, esponendo la superficie apicale all'esterno, mentre in precedenza era rivolta verso la cavità interna dell'organoide, confermando l'inversione tramite immunofluorescenza. Con i nostri protocolli stabiliti e verificati, gli organoidi di 7 pazienti controllo e 6 pazienti celiaci sono stati generati, espansi, differenziati e invertiti: questi sono stati stimolati con PTG per 1 ora e 8 ore o lasciati non trattati, quindi analizzati mediante qPCR per valutare l'induzione di ER stress e di un marker della CD per verificare se gli organoidi mantenessero alcune caratteristiche celiache tipiche. I dati ottenuti suggeriscono un trend nei pazienti celiaci che rileva l'ER stress dopo 8 ore. Tuttavia, questi dati presentano deviazioni standard elevate, indicando un'eterogenea sensibilità al PTG tra i pazienti celiaci, non limitata all'induzione di ER stress ma come risposta complessiva al PTG, dato che anche il marker di celiachia ha elevata deviazione standard.
Set up di un modello di organoide della celiachia per lo studio dell'ER stress
PELLIZZARO, SAMUELE
2026
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder caused by the ingestion of gluten in genetically predisposed individuals carrying the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2 and/or DQ8. With an overall average prevalence of 1% it is one of the most diffused chronic diseases worldwide. It affects the proximal small intestine leading to intestinal damage, malnutrition and other intestinal symptoms frequently accompanied by a wide variety of extraintestinal symptoms. To date, there is no cure for CD, and the only available therapy is a lifelong gluten-free diet which, despite working, is difficult to follow and has side-effects both physically and mentally on the patient. CD pathogenesis has an important immune component that is well known but the autoimmune response can’t fully explain CD pathogenesis, meaning that over components must be involved in CD pathogenesis. Among these, it is still unclear what the effect of gluten peptides is on intestinal cells, possibly due to the lack of a suitable model. Recently, the development of organoid technology allowed the generation of intestinal organoids derived from duodenal or colonic tissue, giving a useful tool to study intestinal cells in a more faithful in vitro model. In this PhD thesis, we evaluated the induction of ER stress in enterocytes in a patient’s derived organoid from control and CD patients by a digest of gliadin with pepsin and trypsin (peptic-tryptic gliadin digest, PTG) to mimic gliadin peptides. First, we showed induction of ER stress in a cell model using CaCo-2, in an animal model using gluten-sensitive mouse intestine in the gut ex-vivo system (GEVS) after PTG stimulation, and in patients biopsies. Then we established reproducible protocols for organoids generation from control and CD patient’s duodenal biopsies, culturing and expanding them maintaining their stemness. To obtain an organoid resembling intestinal tissue cellular composition, we established a differentiation protocol to differentiate intestinal stem cells into the other intestinal cell types. This is confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA) on staminal organoids versus differentiated ones, and qPCR analysis of differentiation marker gene for enterocytes, confirming the presence of Goblet cells too, and of a small population of Paneth cells. From this analysis we didn’t observe differences between control and CD organoids, meaning that organoids of both groups are generated and differentiated with the same efficiency. To resemble intestinal cell organization and mimic the interaction between gliadin peptides and enterocytes’ apical surface, we inverted the polarity of our organoids exposing the apical surface outside (apical-out organoids) while previously it was facing the inner cavity of the organoid (basal-out organoids), confirming the inversion through immunofluorescence. With our protocols set up and verified, organoids from 7 control patients and 6 CD patients have been generated, expanded, differentiated and inverted: these are stimulated with PTG for 1h and 8h or left untreated, then analyzed by qPCR to evaluate ER stress induction and of a CD marker to check if the organoids retain some typical celiac characteristics. The data obtained suggests a trend in CD patients detecting ER stress after 8h. However, these data have high standard deviations, indicating a heterogeneous sensibility to PTG across CD patients not restricted to ER stress induction but as a response to PTG as a whole since CD marker has also high standard deviation.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Samuele_Pellizzaro - Tesi completa revisionata firmata.pdf
accesso aperto
Licenza:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
4.13 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
4.13 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361126
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-361126