The growing incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases associated with ageing and population growth, such as osteoarthritis and non-healing wounds, has intensified the need for advanced materials capable of supporting tissue regeneration. Biomaterials play a central role in this context, as they can provide structural frameworks while interacting beneficially with biological systems. This thesis explores the design, fabrication, and characterization of advanced biomaterials that integrate inorganic, polymeric, and composite systems to address current challenges in tissue engineering. The first part of the work focuses on the development of novel bioactive glass compositions. Bioactive glass, thanks to their composition and amorphous nature, can interact with biological tissue and promote regeneration. By incorporating strontium and magnesium as dopants, new silicate-based glasses with improved thermal stability, sintering behaviour, and bioactivity were obtained. The influence of these dopants on structure, mechanical performance, and cellular response was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated enhanced sinterability compared to commercial compositions (45S5 and S53P4), along with promising biological outcomes for potential scaffold fabrication. Building on these findings, fused deposition modeling was employed to design and fabricate polymer–bioactive glass composite scaffolds. Mechanical testing, finite element simulations, and biological evaluations confirmed the potential suitability of these 3D-printed structures for bone tissue regeneration, highlighting the synergy between material composition and manufacturing process. In parallel, the research explored sustainable natural polymer systems derived from three Theobroma biomass sources (cacao, cupuaçu, and macambo). These fruits generate large amounts of waste in South American countries, as approximately 70% of their mass corresponds to the pod husk, which is rich in bioactive molecules and polysaccharides. To exploit these underused resources, pectin-rich polysaccharides were isolated via ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterized in terms of chemical composition, rheological properties, and bioactive compound content. The extracted polymers exhibited higher antioxidant activity than commercial pectin, along with promising functional properties. Based on these findings, Theobroma cacao-derived pectin was then processed into cell-laden hydrogels and comprehensively characterized in terms of physical and biological behaviours. The results demonstrated suitable mechanical properties, high cytocompatibility, and strong chondrogenic potential, indicating their suitability for cartilage regeneration. This section highlights both the significance of naturally derived materials for tissue engineering and the importance of circular economy principles in developing functional biomaterials. Finally, the thesis discusses the emerging role of artificial intelligence in biomaterials science, highlighting limits and how machine learning algorithms and data-driven modelling can accelerate material discovery, optimize composition-property relationships, and predict biological performance. Overall, this research provides a multidisciplinary framework for the rational design of multifunctional biomaterials, offering promising pathways for next-generation solutions in tissue engineering.
L’incidenza crescente di malattie croniche e degenerative associate all’invecchiamento e alla crescita della popolazione, come l’osteoartrite e le ferite croniche, ha intensificato la necessità di materiali avanzati in grado di supportare la rigenerazione tissutale. I biomateriali svolgono un ruolo centrale in questo ambito, poiché forniscono una struttura di supporto interagendo in modo favorevole con i sistemi biologici. La presente tesi esplora la progettazione, la fabbricazione e la caratterizzazione di biomateriali avanzati che integrano sistemi inorganici, polimerici e compositi per affrontare le sfide attuali dell’ingegneria tissutale. La prima parte del lavoro è dedicata allo sviluppo di nuove composizioni di vetri bioattivi. I vetri bioattivi, grazie alla loro composizione e alla natura amorfa, possono interagire con i tessuti biologici e promuoverne la rigenerazione. Attraverso l’incorporazione di stronzio e magnesio come dopanti, sono stati ottenuti nuovi vetri a base di silicati con migliore stabilità termica, comportamento di sinterizzazione e bioattività. L’influenza di questi dopanti sulla struttura, sulle proprietà meccaniche e sulla risposta cellulare è stata studiata in modo sistematico. I risultati hanno mostrato una sinterizzabilità superiore rispetto alle composizioni commerciali (45S5 e S53P4), insieme a promettenti risultati biologici per la potenziale fabbricazione di scaffold. Sulla base di questi risultati, sono stati progettati e realizzati scaffold compositi polimero–vetro bioattivo attraverso la stampa 3D. Le prove meccaniche, le simulazioni agli elementi finiti e le valutazioni biologiche hanno confermato la potenziale idoneità di queste strutture per la rigenerazione ossea, evidenziando la sinergia tra composizione del materiale e processo di produzione. Parallelamente, la ricerca ha esplorato sistemi polimerici naturali sostenibili derivati da tre fonti di biomassa di Theobroma (cacao, cupuaçu, and macambo). Questi frutti producono grandi quantità di scarti nei paesi sudamericani, poiché circa il 70% della loro massa corrisponde alla buccia del frutto, ricca di molecole bioattive e polisaccaridi. Per sfruttare queste risorse sottoutilizzate, tramite l’estrazione assistita da ultrasuoni, sono stati isolati polisaccaridi ricchi in pectina e caratterizzati in termini di composizione chimica, comportamento reologico e contenuto di composti bioattivi. I polisaccaridi estratti hanno mostrato un’attività antiossidante superiore rispetto alla pectina commerciale, insieme a promettenti proprietà funzionali. Sulla base di questi risultati, la pectina derivata da Theobroma cacao è stata utilizzata per produrre hydrogel contenenti cellule e caratterizzata in modo completo dal punto di vista fisico e biologico. I risultati hanno evidenziato proprietà meccaniche adeguate, elevata citocompatibilità e un forte potenziale condrogenico, indicando la loro idoneità per la rigenerazione della cartilagine. Questa sezione evidenzia sia l’importanza dei materiali di origine naturale per l’ingegneria tissutale, sia il valore dei principi di economia circolare nello sviluppo di biomateriali funzionali. Infine, la tesi discute il ruolo emergente dell’intelligenza artificiale nella scienza dei biomateriali, evidenziandone i limiti e come questa possa accelerare la scoperta di nuovi materiali, ottimizzare le relazioni composizione-proprietà e prevedere le prestazioni biologiche. Nel complesso, questa ricerca propone un quadro multidisciplinare per la progettazione razionale di biomateriali multifunzionali, indicando prospettive promettenti per soluzioni di nuova generazione nell’ingegneria tissutale.
Biomateriali: design, produzione e caratterizzazione di nuove alternative per l’ingegneria tissutale
MARTELLI, ANDREA
2026
Abstract
The growing incidence of chronic and degenerative diseases associated with ageing and population growth, such as osteoarthritis and non-healing wounds, has intensified the need for advanced materials capable of supporting tissue regeneration. Biomaterials play a central role in this context, as they can provide structural frameworks while interacting beneficially with biological systems. This thesis explores the design, fabrication, and characterization of advanced biomaterials that integrate inorganic, polymeric, and composite systems to address current challenges in tissue engineering. The first part of the work focuses on the development of novel bioactive glass compositions. Bioactive glass, thanks to their composition and amorphous nature, can interact with biological tissue and promote regeneration. By incorporating strontium and magnesium as dopants, new silicate-based glasses with improved thermal stability, sintering behaviour, and bioactivity were obtained. The influence of these dopants on structure, mechanical performance, and cellular response was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated enhanced sinterability compared to commercial compositions (45S5 and S53P4), along with promising biological outcomes for potential scaffold fabrication. Building on these findings, fused deposition modeling was employed to design and fabricate polymer–bioactive glass composite scaffolds. Mechanical testing, finite element simulations, and biological evaluations confirmed the potential suitability of these 3D-printed structures for bone tissue regeneration, highlighting the synergy between material composition and manufacturing process. In parallel, the research explored sustainable natural polymer systems derived from three Theobroma biomass sources (cacao, cupuaçu, and macambo). These fruits generate large amounts of waste in South American countries, as approximately 70% of their mass corresponds to the pod husk, which is rich in bioactive molecules and polysaccharides. To exploit these underused resources, pectin-rich polysaccharides were isolated via ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterized in terms of chemical composition, rheological properties, and bioactive compound content. The extracted polymers exhibited higher antioxidant activity than commercial pectin, along with promising functional properties. Based on these findings, Theobroma cacao-derived pectin was then processed into cell-laden hydrogels and comprehensively characterized in terms of physical and biological behaviours. The results demonstrated suitable mechanical properties, high cytocompatibility, and strong chondrogenic potential, indicating their suitability for cartilage regeneration. This section highlights both the significance of naturally derived materials for tissue engineering and the importance of circular economy principles in developing functional biomaterials. Finally, the thesis discusses the emerging role of artificial intelligence in biomaterials science, highlighting limits and how machine learning algorithms and data-driven modelling can accelerate material discovery, optimize composition-property relationships, and predict biological performance. Overall, this research provides a multidisciplinary framework for the rational design of multifunctional biomaterials, offering promising pathways for next-generation solutions in tissue engineering.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Martelli.pdf
accesso aperto
Licenza:
Tutti i diritti riservati
Dimensione
9.86 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
9.86 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361157
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-361157