Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions from road transport requires practical pathways that improve efficiency and lower pollutant formation across diverse duty cycles. While electrification is expanding, internal-combustion engines (ICEs) remain critical in many applications due to energy density, operating range, and refueling logistics. In this setting, low-carbon fuels (e.g., ethanol blends, e-fuels, hydrogen) and unconventional architectures (e.g., opposed-piston) are attractive options, provided that their design and calibration are guided by predictive, economical simulation tools. This dissertation develops a reproducible workflow for three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D CFD) that couples disciplined pre-processing and model selection with minimal, targeted calibration against experiments, aiming to deliver credible predictions at manageable cost. Four studies structure the work. First, E85 is assessed against a gasoline baseline in a single-cylinder, four-stroke PFI engine using a premixed approach validated by 1D/3D correlation. Equivalence-ratio and spark-timing sweeps show that E85 favors leaner operation (φ≈0.90–0.95) and slightly earlier phasing, increasing combustion efficiency with only modest performance penalties after retuning; the reduced MFB10–90 is consistent with ethanol’s higher laminar flame speed. Second, a four-cylinder PFI engine with detailed chemistry confirms and refines these trends: two calibration levers—an energy-addition factor (EF) and a turbulence–chemistry interaction (TCI) multiplier—suffice to match experiments. Under the studied conditions, E85 yields higher IMEP, lower CO/HC and higher CO₂, and a reduced MFB10–90 relative to E5, at the cost of higher injected mass dictated by stoichiometry. Third, a hydrogen-fueled opposed-piston spark-ignition engine is investigated in OpenFOAM using structured cylinder motion and custom post-processing utilities (volume/flux accounting; fresh/burnt species tagging). Cold-flow metrics reproduce limiting-model behavior and align with 1D trends. Combustion simulations at very lean mixtures (λ≈2.4) identify the expected phasing trade-off: IMEP peaks near 30° bTDC, while 35° bTDC improves efficiency without additional work. Fourth, a DISI spray-model calibration campaign in STAR-CCM+ distills practical choices (source placement away from walls; Blob vs. Rosin–Rammler primary-breakup consistency; KH–RT tuning). Importantly, across the tested operating conditions, the calibrated spray setup reproduces experimental trends without modifying the previously defined calibration coefficients, demonstrating predictive robustness and transferability. Overall, the thesis contributes a disciplined 3D CFD practice—spanning combustion and sprays, commercial and open-source tools—that shortens the path from concept to credible prediction and is readily extensible to other fuels, architectures, and operating regimes.
Ridurre le emissioni di gas serra dal trasporto su strada richiede percorsi praticabili che aumentino l’efficienza e riducano la formazione di inquinanti in una varietà di cicli di lavoro. Pur con l’espansione dell’elettrificazione, i motori a combustione interna restano essenziali in molte applicazioni grazie alla densità energetica, all’autonomia operativa e alla logistica del rifornimento. In questo contesto, i combustibili a basse emissioni di carbonio (ad es. miscele di etanolo, e-fuels, idrogeno) e le architetture non convenzionali (ad es. opposed-piston) sono opzioni interessanti, a condizione che progettazione e calibrazione siano guidate da strumenti di simulazione predittivi ed economici. Questa tesi sviluppa un workflow riproducibile per la fluidodinamica computazionale tridimensionale (3D CFD) che combina un pre-processing e una selezione dei modelli rigorosi con una calibrazione minima e mirata sui dati sperimentali, con l’obiettivo di fornire previsioni credibili a costi gestibili. Il lavoro è articolato in quattro studi. Primo, l’E85 è valutato rispetto a una baseline a benzina in un motore monocilindrico quattro tempi PFI, utilizzando un approccio premiscelato validato tramite correlazione 1D/3D. Gli sweep su rapporto di equivalenza e anticipo d’accensione mostrano che l’E85 predilige un funzionamento più magro (φ≈0,90–0,95) e una fasatura leggermente anticipata, incrementando l’efficienza di combustione con penalità prestazionali contenute dopo la ritaratura; la riduzione della MFB10–90 è coerente con la maggiore velocità di fiamma laminare dell’etanolo. Secondo, un motore quattro cilindri PFI con chimica dettagliata conferma e affina tali tendenze: due leve di calibrazione—un fattore di energia aggiunta (EF) e un moltiplicatore di interazione turbolenza-chimica (TCI)—sono sufficienti per eguagliare gli esperimenti. Nelle condizioni studiate, l’E85 fornisce IMEP più elevato, CO/HC inferiori e CO₂ superiore, nonché una MFB10–90 ridotta rispetto all’E5, a fronte di una massa iniettata maggiore imposta dalla stechiometria. Terzo, un motore opposed-piston ad accensione comandata alimentato a idrogeno è analizzato in OpenFOAM utilizzando una cinematica strutturata del cilindro e utility di post-processing personalizzate (bilanci di volume/flusso; tracciamento delle specie “fresh/burnt”). Le metriche di cold-flow riproducono il comportamento dei modelli limite e sono in accordo con le tendenze 1D. Le simulazioni di combustione in condizioni molto magre (λ≈2,4) evidenziano il compromesso atteso nella fasatura: l’IMEP raggiunge il massimo intorno a 30° bTDC, mentre 35° bTDC migliora l’efficienza senza ulteriore incremento del lavoro. Quarto, una campagna di calibrazione dei modelli di spray per DISI in STAR-CCM+ distilla scelte pratiche (posizionamento delle sorgenti lontano dalle pareti; coerenza del primary-breakup Blob vs. Rosin–Rammler; taratura KH–RT). È importante sottolineare che, nelle condizioni operative testate, l’assetto di spray calibrato riproduce le tendenze sperimentali senza modificare i coefficienti di calibrazione precedentemente definiti, dimostrando robustezza predittiva e trasferibilità. Nel complesso, la tesi contribuisce a una pratica 3D CFD disciplinata—che copre combustione e spray, strumenti commerciali e open-source—capace di ridurre il percorso dal concetto alla previsione affidabile, ed è facilmente estendibile ad altri combustibili, architetture e regimi operativi.
Modellazione CFD per motori innovativi ad accensione comandata alimentati con biocarburanti e idrogeno
DI GAETANO IFTENE, CLAUDIU MARCU
2026
Abstract
Reducing greenhouse-gas emissions from road transport requires practical pathways that improve efficiency and lower pollutant formation across diverse duty cycles. While electrification is expanding, internal-combustion engines (ICEs) remain critical in many applications due to energy density, operating range, and refueling logistics. In this setting, low-carbon fuels (e.g., ethanol blends, e-fuels, hydrogen) and unconventional architectures (e.g., opposed-piston) are attractive options, provided that their design and calibration are guided by predictive, economical simulation tools. This dissertation develops a reproducible workflow for three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D CFD) that couples disciplined pre-processing and model selection with minimal, targeted calibration against experiments, aiming to deliver credible predictions at manageable cost. Four studies structure the work. First, E85 is assessed against a gasoline baseline in a single-cylinder, four-stroke PFI engine using a premixed approach validated by 1D/3D correlation. Equivalence-ratio and spark-timing sweeps show that E85 favors leaner operation (φ≈0.90–0.95) and slightly earlier phasing, increasing combustion efficiency with only modest performance penalties after retuning; the reduced MFB10–90 is consistent with ethanol’s higher laminar flame speed. Second, a four-cylinder PFI engine with detailed chemistry confirms and refines these trends: two calibration levers—an energy-addition factor (EF) and a turbulence–chemistry interaction (TCI) multiplier—suffice to match experiments. Under the studied conditions, E85 yields higher IMEP, lower CO/HC and higher CO₂, and a reduced MFB10–90 relative to E5, at the cost of higher injected mass dictated by stoichiometry. Third, a hydrogen-fueled opposed-piston spark-ignition engine is investigated in OpenFOAM using structured cylinder motion and custom post-processing utilities (volume/flux accounting; fresh/burnt species tagging). Cold-flow metrics reproduce limiting-model behavior and align with 1D trends. Combustion simulations at very lean mixtures (λ≈2.4) identify the expected phasing trade-off: IMEP peaks near 30° bTDC, while 35° bTDC improves efficiency without additional work. Fourth, a DISI spray-model calibration campaign in STAR-CCM+ distills practical choices (source placement away from walls; Blob vs. Rosin–Rammler primary-breakup consistency; KH–RT tuning). Importantly, across the tested operating conditions, the calibrated spray setup reproduces experimental trends without modifying the previously defined calibration coefficients, demonstrating predictive robustness and transferability. Overall, the thesis contributes a disciplined 3D CFD practice—spanning combustion and sprays, commercial and open-source tools—that shortens the path from concept to credible prediction and is readily extensible to other fuels, architectures, and operating regimes.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361162
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-361162