The growing demand for lightweight and high-performance materials in sectors like the automotive industry has driven the adoption of Carbon Fiber Sheet Molding Compound (Carbon SMC) for producing complex structural components. While Carbon SMC offers an excellent balance of mechanical properties and manufacturability, the compression molding process can introduce defects that compromise structural integrity. The lack of clear, scientifically based acceptance criteria often leads to conservative designs, negating the benefits of lightweighting. This research provides a systematic investigation into the correlation between process-induced defects and the mechanical performance of Carbon SMC components. A comprehensive experimental campaign was conducted to quantify the impact of both internal and external defects. Internal defects, such as voids and discontinuities, were intentionally embedded in flat plate specimens using controlled material intrusions. These specimens were tested tensile (ASTM D3039) and flexural (ASTM D7264) testing to measure the degradation of bulk material properties. External defects, specifically the lack of material around co-molded metallic inserts were systematically replicated to evaluate their effect on the functionality of mechanical connection points through pull-out and maximum torque tests. The results reveal that material decay of properties s highly dependent on the loading scenario. In tension, the material shows remarkable resistance to spherical voids, with only the largest planar defects causing a statistically significant strength reduction. Conversely, the material is far more sensitive under flexural loads, where both spherical and smaller planar defects cause a significant decay in performance. For co-molded inserts, performance was application-dependent: inserts seem insensitive to material voids under axial pull-out loads, but were highly sensitive to torsional loads, with defects larger than 45° causing a significant reduction in torque resistance. This study establishes a quantitative scenario for defect acceptance criteria, replacing conservative assumptions with specific, quantified performance reductions tied to defect type, size, orientation, and loading condition. These findings provide practical design and simulation guidelines, while supporting quality control, enabling the manufacturing of lighter, more reliable and cost effective Carbon SMC components.
La crescente domanda di materiali leggeri e ad alte prestazioni, in settori come l’industria automobilistica, ha favorito l’adozione del Carbon Fiber Sheet Molding Compound (Carbon SMC) per la produzione di componenti strutturali complessi. Il Carbon SMC offre un eccellente equilibrio tra proprietà meccaniche e lavorabilità, ma il processo di stampaggio a compressione può introdurre difetti che compromettono l’integrità strutturale del componente. L’assenza di criteri di accettazione dei difetti basati su evidenze scientifiche porta spesso a scelte progettuali eccessivamente conservative, vanificando i vantaggi legati alla riduzione di peso. Questa ricerca propone un’indagine sistematica sulla correlazione tra i difetti introdotti dal processo e le prestazioni meccaniche dei componenti realizzati in Carbon SMC. È stata condotta una campagna sperimentale completa per quantificare l’impatto di difetti sia interni che esterni. I difetti interni, come vuoti e discontinuità, sono stati intenzionalmente introdotti in provini su piastra mediante intrusioni di materiale controllate. Questi provini sono stati sottoposti a prove di trazione (ASTM D3039) e flessione (ASTM D7264) per misurare il degrado delle proprietà meccaniche del materiale. I difetti esterni, in particolare la mancanza di materiale attorno a inserti metallici co-stampati, sono stati riprodotti in modo sistematico così da poter valutare l’effetto sulla funzionalità mediante test di estrazione (pull-out) e di coppia massima. I risultati mostrano che la tolleranza del materiale ai difetti dipende fortemente dallo scenario di carico. In trazione, il materiale ha mostrato una notevole resistenza ai vuoti sferici, mentre una riduzione statisticamente significativa della resistenza è causata solo dai difetti planari di dimensioni. Al contrario, sotto carichi flessionali, il materiale si è dimostrato molto più sensibile, con un decadimento delle prestazioni anche in presenza di difetti sferici e planari di dimensioni minori. Per quanto riguarda gli inserti co-stampati, le prestazioni sono risultate dipendenti dall’applicazione: gli inserti hanno mostrato una buona tolleranza ai vuoti di materiale sotto carico assiale di estrazione, ma una marcata sensibilità ai carichi torsionali, con una significativa riduzione della resistenza alla coppia per difetti con ampiezza superiore a 45°.Questo studio propone un quadro quantitativo per la definizione di criteri di accettazione dei difetti, sostituendo le ipotesi conservative con riduzioni prestazionali specifiche e misurabili, legate alla tipologia, dimensione, orientazione del difetto e alla condizione di carico. I risultati forniscono linee guida pratiche per la progettazione e la simulazione supportando il controllo qualità, consentendo la produzione di componenti in Carbon SMC più leggeri, affidabili ed economicamente vantaggiosi.
Un Approccio Sistematico alla Riproduzione e Valutazione dell’Impatto dei Difetti in materiali Carbon Sheet Moulding Compound
GALATI, NICOLO'
2026
Abstract
The growing demand for lightweight and high-performance materials in sectors like the automotive industry has driven the adoption of Carbon Fiber Sheet Molding Compound (Carbon SMC) for producing complex structural components. While Carbon SMC offers an excellent balance of mechanical properties and manufacturability, the compression molding process can introduce defects that compromise structural integrity. The lack of clear, scientifically based acceptance criteria often leads to conservative designs, negating the benefits of lightweighting. This research provides a systematic investigation into the correlation between process-induced defects and the mechanical performance of Carbon SMC components. A comprehensive experimental campaign was conducted to quantify the impact of both internal and external defects. Internal defects, such as voids and discontinuities, were intentionally embedded in flat plate specimens using controlled material intrusions. These specimens were tested tensile (ASTM D3039) and flexural (ASTM D7264) testing to measure the degradation of bulk material properties. External defects, specifically the lack of material around co-molded metallic inserts were systematically replicated to evaluate their effect on the functionality of mechanical connection points through pull-out and maximum torque tests. The results reveal that material decay of properties s highly dependent on the loading scenario. In tension, the material shows remarkable resistance to spherical voids, with only the largest planar defects causing a statistically significant strength reduction. Conversely, the material is far more sensitive under flexural loads, where both spherical and smaller planar defects cause a significant decay in performance. For co-molded inserts, performance was application-dependent: inserts seem insensitive to material voids under axial pull-out loads, but were highly sensitive to torsional loads, with defects larger than 45° causing a significant reduction in torque resistance. This study establishes a quantitative scenario for defect acceptance criteria, replacing conservative assumptions with specific, quantified performance reductions tied to defect type, size, orientation, and loading condition. These findings provide practical design and simulation guidelines, while supporting quality control, enabling the manufacturing of lighter, more reliable and cost effective Carbon SMC components.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361166
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMORE-361166