The Complement (C) system plays a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance and protecting against pathogens during pregnancy. Its balanced regulation at the maternal-fetal interface is essential for successful placentation, whereas excessive or insufficient activation contributes to pregnancy complications, such as pre-eclampsia (PE). Among the C components, C1q has emerged as a key factor at the placental level, as it not only activates the classical complement pathway but also participates in crucial non-canonical functions, including clearance of apoptotic bodies, angiogenesis, and promotion of trophoblast migration and spiral artery remodeling. However, the mechanisms through which C1q affects trophoblast activity and how its imbalance might contribute to PE remain poorly understood. This thesis aimed to elucidate the multifaceted roles of C1q and C factors in trophoblast biology and placental development through an integrated molecular and cellular approach. We first analyzed publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing datasets to delineate the local production of C factors by trophoblast cells in healthy and PE placentas. Distinct transcriptional patterns emerged among trophoblast subtypes in the expression of C regulators, whereas the contribution to local C activator synthesis appeared limited. Reduced expression of C1q and its receptor gC1qR/C1QBP was also observed in PE. These altered C expressions in PE may not only directly damage trophoblasts through excessive cascade activation but also impair the non-canonical functions of certain C factors, like C1q, which are essential for proper placentation. We employed innovative three-dimensional trophoblast organoid models to validate their suitability for studying C factors during early placental development. Both primary-derived and trophoblast stem cell-derived organoids faithfully recapitulated first-trimester trophoblast C factor expression, providing a physiologically relevant and manipulable system to explore C-driven mechanisms in vitro. In this setting, exposure to C1q promoted the upregulation of genes involved in extravillous trophoblast (EVT) differentiation and invasion, whereas downregulation of gC1qR/C1QBP attenuated these effects, confirming its role in mediating C1q-dependent signaling. Moreover, a preliminary characterization of a stable heterozygous C1QBP+/- model revealed morphological alterations and reduced mitochondrial activity, suggesting a central role for this protein in trophoblast biology. Finally, we characterized circulating autoantibodies against the globular head of C1q (anti-gC1q), previously identified in healthy spontaneous pregnancy. These women exhibited higher titers of anti-gC1q compared with those who developed PE, suggesting their potential as early predictive biomarkers for women who could benefit from PE prophylaxis. Notably, anti-gC1q antibodies displayed inhibitory effects on the classical complement pathway, suggesting a possible protective role during normal placentation. Collectively, this work highlights the dual immunological and developmental roles of C factors, particularly C1q, during pregnancy and supports the use of innovative trophoblast organoids as a physiologically relevant model for studying C factors in early placentation. Crucially, it emphasizes the pivotal role of C1q in trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling. Finally, it suggests that higher circulating levels of anti-gC1q autoantibodies may serve as a systemic marker of physiological placentation and represent a promising tool for early identification of women at risk of developing PE.
Il sistema del Complemento (C) svolge un ruolo cruciale nel mantenimento della tolleranza immunitaria e nella protezione contro i patogeni durante la gravidanza. La sua regolazione a livello dell’interfaccia materno-fetale è essenziale per garantire una corretta placentazione, mentre un’attivazione eccessiva o insufficiente può contribuire a complicanze gestazionali, come la pre-eclampsia (PE). Tra i componenti del C, la proteina C1q è emersa come un fattore chiave a livello placentare: oltre ad attivare la via classica del C, essa partecipa a importanti funzioni non canoniche, tra cui la rimozione dei corpi apoptotici, l’angiogenesi e la promozione della migrazione trofoblastica e del rimodellamento delle arterie spirali. Tuttavia, i meccanismi attraverso i quali C1q influenza l’attività dei trofoblasti e il modo in cui il suo squilibrio possa contribuire alla PE restano ancora poco compresi. Questa tesi si propone di chiarire i molteplici ruoli del C1q e di altri fattori del C nella a livello del trofoblasto durante lo sviluppo placentare attraverso un approccio integrato, molecolare e cellulare. In primo luogo, sono stati analizzati dataset pubblici di single-cell RNA sequencing per delineare la produzione locale dei fattori del C da parte dei trofoblasti in placente sane e PE. Sono emersi pattern trascrizionali differenti tra i sottotipi di trofoblasto (citotrofoblasto, sinciziotrofoblasto e trofoblasto extravilloso) per quanto riguarda l’espressione dei regolatori del Complemento, mentre il contributo alla sintesi locale degli attivatori del sistema è risultato limitato. Nelle placente affette da PE è stata inoltre osservata una riduzione dell’espressione di C1q e del suo recettore gC1qR/C1QBP. Queste alterazioni possono non solo danneggiare direttamente i trofoblasti attraverso un’eccessiva attivazione della cascata del Complemento, ma anche compromettere le funzioni non canoniche di alcuni suoi componenti, come il C1q, essenziali per una corretta placentazione. Abbiamo quindi utilizzato modelli tridimensionali innovativi di organoidi di trofoblasto per valutarne l’idoneità nello studio dei fattori del C nelle fasi precoci dello sviluppo placentare. Sia gli organoidi derivati da tessuti primari sia quelli derivati da cellule staminali hanno riprodotto fedelmente l’espressione dei fattori del C tipica del primo trimestre, offrendo un sistema fisiologicamente rilevante e manipolabile per indagare i meccanismi mediati dal C in vitro. In questo contesto, l’esposizione al C1q ha determinato un’aumentata espressione di geni coinvolti nella differenziazione e invasione dei trofoblasti extravillosi, mentre la riduzione dell’espressione di gC1qR/C1QBP ne ha attenuato gli effetti, confermandone il ruolo nel mediare la segnalazione dipendente da C1q. Inoltre, la caratterizzazione preliminare di un modello stabile eterozigote C1QBP+/− ha rivelato alterazioni morfologiche e ridotta attività mitocondriale, suggerendo un ruolo centrale di questa proteina nei trofoblasti. Infine, sono stati caratterizzati gli autoanticorpi circolanti diretti contro la porzione globulare della proteina C1q (anti-gC1q), precedentemente identificati in gravidanze fisiologiche. Uno studio longitudinale condotto nel nostro laboratorio ha infatti precedentemente evidenziato come le donne con gravidanza normali presentino titoli di anti-gC1q più elevati rispetto a quelle che, successivamente, sviluppano pre-eclampsia. Abbiamo in questa tesi incrementato l’arruolamento di donne con gravidanze sane per poter definire il potenziale valore predittivo di questi anticorpi nell’identificazione precoce delle pazienti a rischio di PE. Abbiamo inoltre osservato che questi anticorpi mostrano un effetto inibitorio sulla via classica del Complemento, indicando un possibile ruolo protettivo nel favorire una placentazione fisiologica.
Studio dei meccanismi patogenetici del C1q in pre-eclampsia
TOFFOLI, MIRIAM
2026
Abstract
The Complement (C) system plays a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance and protecting against pathogens during pregnancy. Its balanced regulation at the maternal-fetal interface is essential for successful placentation, whereas excessive or insufficient activation contributes to pregnancy complications, such as pre-eclampsia (PE). Among the C components, C1q has emerged as a key factor at the placental level, as it not only activates the classical complement pathway but also participates in crucial non-canonical functions, including clearance of apoptotic bodies, angiogenesis, and promotion of trophoblast migration and spiral artery remodeling. However, the mechanisms through which C1q affects trophoblast activity and how its imbalance might contribute to PE remain poorly understood. This thesis aimed to elucidate the multifaceted roles of C1q and C factors in trophoblast biology and placental development through an integrated molecular and cellular approach. We first analyzed publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing datasets to delineate the local production of C factors by trophoblast cells in healthy and PE placentas. Distinct transcriptional patterns emerged among trophoblast subtypes in the expression of C regulators, whereas the contribution to local C activator synthesis appeared limited. Reduced expression of C1q and its receptor gC1qR/C1QBP was also observed in PE. These altered C expressions in PE may not only directly damage trophoblasts through excessive cascade activation but also impair the non-canonical functions of certain C factors, like C1q, which are essential for proper placentation. We employed innovative three-dimensional trophoblast organoid models to validate their suitability for studying C factors during early placental development. Both primary-derived and trophoblast stem cell-derived organoids faithfully recapitulated first-trimester trophoblast C factor expression, providing a physiologically relevant and manipulable system to explore C-driven mechanisms in vitro. In this setting, exposure to C1q promoted the upregulation of genes involved in extravillous trophoblast (EVT) differentiation and invasion, whereas downregulation of gC1qR/C1QBP attenuated these effects, confirming its role in mediating C1q-dependent signaling. Moreover, a preliminary characterization of a stable heterozygous C1QBP+/- model revealed morphological alterations and reduced mitochondrial activity, suggesting a central role for this protein in trophoblast biology. Finally, we characterized circulating autoantibodies against the globular head of C1q (anti-gC1q), previously identified in healthy spontaneous pregnancy. These women exhibited higher titers of anti-gC1q compared with those who developed PE, suggesting their potential as early predictive biomarkers for women who could benefit from PE prophylaxis. Notably, anti-gC1q antibodies displayed inhibitory effects on the classical complement pathway, suggesting a possible protective role during normal placentation. Collectively, this work highlights the dual immunological and developmental roles of C factors, particularly C1q, during pregnancy and supports the use of innovative trophoblast organoids as a physiologically relevant model for studying C factors in early placentation. Crucially, it emphasizes the pivotal role of C1q in trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling. Finally, it suggests that higher circulating levels of anti-gC1q autoantibodies may serve as a systemic marker of physiological placentation and represent a promising tool for early identification of women at risk of developing PE.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361470
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-361470