at, a newly identified taste, has been associated with the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) gene, which encodes the CD36 receptor protein, implicated in the perception of dietary free fatty acids in the oral environment. The rs1761667 variant has been associated with fat taste sensitivity; nevertheless, results reported in the literature are often contrasting. Further, umami is a wellestablished taste with known receptors. The combination of these tastes is common in food, and umami tastants have also been linked to variations in dietary fat intake. Nevertheless, these two taste perceptions have not been extensively investigated together, thereby missing the opportunity to understand better how tastes may interact and how this may influence food choices. This PhD project aimed to assess whether there is an association between fat taste sensitivity and umami taste perception with implications regarding dietary intake, BMI, and body composition. Furthermore, the role of CD36 rs1761667 in the aforementioned phenotypes was investigated. Three different studies were conducted: 1) a field study on 235 individuals from Italy, 2) a laboratory study on 49 individuals from the UK, and 3) a laboratory study on 57 individuals conducted at the Lake Lucerne Institute in Switzerland. Common data collected across all three studies included demographics, anthropometrics, BMI, and CD36 rs1761667 genotyping. Regarding Study 1, liking of fat and umami foods was assessed via questionnaire, and dietary intake data were collected and converted into a Diet Quality Score (DQS). In Study 2, perceptions of fatty and umami foods (intensity and liking) were assessed, and, as in Study 1, dietary intake data were collected and converted into a DQS. For Study 3, fat taste sensitivity (FTS) was assessed using Oleic acid detection threshold measurement, and umami perception (intensity and liking) and fatty food perception (both regular and low-fat versions) were evaluated. Additionally, body composition data were collected (e.g., fat mass percentage, visceral fat score). In Study 1, the rs1761667 A-allele was associated with a reduced liking for fatty and umami foods in individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 ; nevertheless, no significant association was found between BMI and DQS. In Study 2, the rs1761667 A-allele was associated with an increased intensity perceived from tasting the umami food samples, and a significant positive association of rs1761667 with BMI and DQS was additionally found. Regarding Study 3, no association was found between fat taste sensitivity and umami perception. Additionally, in our cohort, no association between FTS and adiposity was found. Nevertheless, a positive association was found between the intensity perceived from umami samples and the intensity perceived from fat food samples. Regarding genetics, a negative pattern between CD36 rs1761667 GG genotype and liking reported from tasting umami samples was observed, and, additionally, the rs1761667 A-allele was associated with reduced perceived intensity from tasting fat food samples. This study is the first to extensively address the potential links between fat taste sensitivity and umami taste perception, thanks to the collection of a wide set of data spanning three different research projects. Our results highlight a possible association between umami perception and fat food perception, and that CD36 rs1761667, which is related to fat taste sensitivity, may also be a predictor of differences in umami taste perception.
Il gusto grasso è stato associato al gene Cluster of Differentiation 36 (CD36), che codifica per il recettore coinvolto nella percezione degli acidi grassi. La variante rs1761667 è stata associata alla sensibilità verso il gusto grasso; tuttavia, i risultati riportati in letteratura sono contrastanti. L'Umami è un gusto ben consolidato. La combinazione di questi sapori è comune negli alimenti ed è stato osservato che le molecole umami sono state associate a differenze nell'assunzione di grassi alimentari. Queste due percezioni gustative non sono state studiate approfonditamente insieme, perdendo la possibilità di comprendere meglio come i sapori possano interagire tra loro e come ciò possa influire sulle scelte alimentari. Questo progetto di dottorato mira a valutare se esiste un'associazione tra la sensibilità al gusto grasso e la percezione del gusto umami con implicazioni relative all'assunzione alimentare e alla composizione corporea. Inoltre, abbiamo considerato il ruolo che la variante rs1761667 del gene CD36 può svolgere in tutti i fenotipi sopra menzionati. Sono stati condotti tre studi: 1) uno studio su 235 individui provenienti dall'Italia, 2) uno studio su 49 individui provenienti dal Regno Unito e 3) uno su 57 individui condotto in Svizzera. I dati comuni raccolti in tutti gli studi sono: demografici, antropometrici, IMC e genotipo della variante CD36 rs1761667. Per quanto riguarda lo studio 1, il gradimento dei cibi grassi e umami è stato valutato tramite questionario e sono stati raccolti dati sull'assunzione alimentare poi convertiti in un punteggio di qualità. Per lo studio 2, è stata valutata la percezione dei cibi grassi e dei cibi umami e, analogamente allo studio 1, sono stati raccolti dati sull'assunzione alimentare poi convertiti in un punteggio di qualità (Diet Quality Score, DQS). Per lo studio 3, il gusto grasso è stata valutato mediante la misurazione della soglia di rilevamento dell'acido oleico, mentre sono state valutate la percezione dell'umami e la percezione dei cibi grassi. Inoltre, sono stati raccolti dati sulla composizione corporea. Nello Studio 1, l'allele A di rs1761667 era associato ad un ridotto gradimento per i cibi grassi e umami in individui con IMC ≥ 25 kg/m. Nello Studio 2, l'allele A è stato associato a una maggiore intensità percepita dai campioni di alimenti umami ed è stata inoltre riscontrata un'associazione positiva significativa tra la variante, l’IMC e il DQS. Nello Studio 3, non è stata riscontrata alcuna associazione tra la sensibilità al gusto grasso e la percezione dell'umami. Tuttavia, è stata evidenziata un'associazione positiva tra l'intensità dei campioni umani e l'intensità percepita dai campioni grassi. Abbiamo osservato un pattern negativo tra il genotipo GG di rs1761667 e il gradimento riportato dei campioni umani e, inoltre, abbiamo riscontrato che l'allele A era associato a una ridotta intensità percepita dai campioni di cibi grassi. Questo studio è il primo ad affrontare in modo approfondito i potenziali legami tra la sensibilità al gusto grasso e la percezione del gusto umami grazie alla tre diversi progetti di ricerca. I nostri risultati evidenziano una possibile associazione tra la percezione dell'umami e la percezione dei cibi grassi e che la variante rs1761667 potrebbe anche essere un fattore predittivo delle differenze nella percezione del gusto umami. Tuttavia, non abbiamo osservato alcuna associazione tra questa variante ed il gusto grasso evidenziando una questione già descritta in precedenza riguardo al legame tra genetica e fenotipo e aprendo la strada alla necessità di un approccio standardizzato per valutare la percezione del gusto del grasso. Sebbene siano necessari ulteriori studi in coorti più ampie per confermare i risultati ottenuti, questi evidenziano una nuova potenziale interazione tra gusti che potrebbe essere implementata nella pratica nutrizionale personalizzata.
Exploring the genetics of taste and its implications in food preferences and health status
PILUSO, FRANCESCO
2026
Abstract
at, a newly identified taste, has been associated with the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) gene, which encodes the CD36 receptor protein, implicated in the perception of dietary free fatty acids in the oral environment. The rs1761667 variant has been associated with fat taste sensitivity; nevertheless, results reported in the literature are often contrasting. Further, umami is a wellestablished taste with known receptors. The combination of these tastes is common in food, and umami tastants have also been linked to variations in dietary fat intake. Nevertheless, these two taste perceptions have not been extensively investigated together, thereby missing the opportunity to understand better how tastes may interact and how this may influence food choices. This PhD project aimed to assess whether there is an association between fat taste sensitivity and umami taste perception with implications regarding dietary intake, BMI, and body composition. Furthermore, the role of CD36 rs1761667 in the aforementioned phenotypes was investigated. Three different studies were conducted: 1) a field study on 235 individuals from Italy, 2) a laboratory study on 49 individuals from the UK, and 3) a laboratory study on 57 individuals conducted at the Lake Lucerne Institute in Switzerland. Common data collected across all three studies included demographics, anthropometrics, BMI, and CD36 rs1761667 genotyping. Regarding Study 1, liking of fat and umami foods was assessed via questionnaire, and dietary intake data were collected and converted into a Diet Quality Score (DQS). In Study 2, perceptions of fatty and umami foods (intensity and liking) were assessed, and, as in Study 1, dietary intake data were collected and converted into a DQS. For Study 3, fat taste sensitivity (FTS) was assessed using Oleic acid detection threshold measurement, and umami perception (intensity and liking) and fatty food perception (both regular and low-fat versions) were evaluated. Additionally, body composition data were collected (e.g., fat mass percentage, visceral fat score). In Study 1, the rs1761667 A-allele was associated with a reduced liking for fatty and umami foods in individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 ; nevertheless, no significant association was found between BMI and DQS. In Study 2, the rs1761667 A-allele was associated with an increased intensity perceived from tasting the umami food samples, and a significant positive association of rs1761667 with BMI and DQS was additionally found. Regarding Study 3, no association was found between fat taste sensitivity and umami perception. Additionally, in our cohort, no association between FTS and adiposity was found. Nevertheless, a positive association was found between the intensity perceived from umami samples and the intensity perceived from fat food samples. Regarding genetics, a negative pattern between CD36 rs1761667 GG genotype and liking reported from tasting umami samples was observed, and, additionally, the rs1761667 A-allele was associated with reduced perceived intensity from tasting fat food samples. This study is the first to extensively address the potential links between fat taste sensitivity and umami taste perception, thanks to the collection of a wide set of data spanning three different research projects. Our results highlight a possible association between umami perception and fat food perception, and that CD36 rs1761667, which is related to fat taste sensitivity, may also be a predictor of differences in umami taste perception.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361474
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-361474