The increasing integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and power electronic conversion devices in modern energy infrastructures is accelerating the deployment of direct current microgrids (DC microgrids). In such systems, power electronic converters represent the key component for power flow management, DC bus voltage regulation, and coordination among energy sources, storage systems, and loads. However, the presence of multiport converters introduces strongly nonlinear dynamics, multivariable couplings, and behaviors dependent on switching configurations, making the design of robust and scalable control and observation strategies particularly challenging.This dissertation addresses these issues by developing advanced methodologies for modeling, state estimation, and control of power electronic converters operating in DC microgrids. The proposed approach integrates nonlinear robust control, predictive control, and state observation techniques in order to guarantee stability, robustness against disturbances and parametric variations, and coordination among strongly coupled subsystems.A first contribution concerns the nonlinear robust control of a Differential Boost Inverter (DBI) used for DC/AC conversion. The converter is modeled through a nonlinear dynamic representation and transformed into the Brunovský canonical form through feedback linearization techniques. Based on this model, a controller based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is designed, incorporating an Extended State Observer for the estimation of unmodeled disturbances. The control architecture is further enriched with a sliding-mode component aimed at increasing robustness against variations in the input voltage and load conditions, while simultaneously reducing the chattering phenomenon through a formulation based on dynamic inputs.The second contribution concerns the design of a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for multi-input multi-output converters employed in modular DC microgrid architectures. The conversion system is modeled through an averaged state-space representation, allowing the control problem to be formulated in discrete time as a constrained optimization problem. The cost function enables regulation of the DC bus voltage and ensures proper current sharing among converter modules, while accounting for physical constraints on voltages, currents, and duty cycles. The modular structure of both the converter and the controller makes the proposed approach inherently scalable with respect to the number of connected energy sources.A further contribution addresses state and load estimation in DC microgrids through a time-varying hybrid observer designed within the hybrid dynamical systems framework. The observer exploits measurements of the DC bus voltage and control inputs in order to reconstruct the internal variables of the converters as well as the aggregated load current. The stability of the estimation error dynamics is formally proven through a Lyapunov-based approach and conditions expressed in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), guaranteeing exponential convergence and robustness with respect to parameter uncertainties and switching operating modes.Finally, a model-based control methodology is developed for isolated Active Neutral Point Clamped Dual Half-Bridge converters, modeled as switched-affine systems characterized by the presence of hidden control variables. The proposed approach enables the derivation of stability conditions and the optimization of the converter dynamic behavior in the presence of operational constraints and multiple control objectives.Overall, the results demonstrate that the structured integration of nonlinear robust control, predictive control, and advanced state observation techniques provides an effective framework for the management and control of DC microgrids characterized by multiport converters and hybrid dynamics. The proposed methodologies contribute to the development of more efficient, resilient, and scalable energy systems.
La crescente integrazione di fonti rinnovabili, sistemi di accumulo e dispositivi di conversione elettronica di potenza nelle moderne infrastrutture energetiche sta accelerando la diffusione delle microreti in corrente continua (DC microgrids). In tali sistemi, i convertitori elettronici rappresentano l’elemento centrale per la gestione dei flussi di potenza, la regolazione della tensione di bus e il coordinamento tra sorgenti, sistemi di accumulo e carichi. Tuttavia, la presenza di convertitori multiporta introduce dinamiche fortemente non lineari, accoppiamenti multivariabili e comportamenti dipendenti dalle configurazioni di commutazione, rendendo particolarmente complessa la progettazione di strategie di controllo e osservazione robuste e scalabili.La presente tesi affronta tali problematiche sviluppando metodologie avanzate di modellazione, stima dello stato e controllo per convertitori elettronici di potenza operanti in microreti DC. L’approccio proposto integra tecniche di controllo robusto non lineare, controllo predittivo e osservazione dello stato al fine di garantire stabilità, robustezza rispetto a disturbi e variazioni parametriche e coordinamento tra sottosistemi fortemente accoppiati.Un primo contributo riguarda il controllo robusto non lineare di un Differential Boost Inverter (DBI) utilizzato per la conversione DC/AC. Il convertitore viene modellato tramite una rappresentazione dinamica non lineare e trasformato in forma canonica di Brunovský mediante tecniche di feedback linearization. Su tale modello viene progettato un controllore basato su Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) con osservatore di stato esteso per la stima delle perturbazioni non modellate. L’architettura di controllo è ulteriormente arricchita con una componente di sliding-mode finalizzata ad aumentare la robustezza rispetto a variazioni della tensione di ingresso e dei carichi, riducendo al contempo il fenomeno di chattering tramite una formulazione con ingressi dinamici.Il secondo contributo riguarda la progettazione di una strategia di Model Predictive Control (MPC) per convertitori multi-input multi-output utilizzati in architetture modulari di microreti DC. Il sistema di conversione viene modellato attraverso una rappresentazione nello spazio di stato mediato, che consente la formulazione del problema di controllo in tempo discreto come problema di ottimizzazione vincolata. La funzione di costo consente di regolare la tensione del bus DC e di garantire la corretta condivisione delle correnti tra i moduli, tenendo conto dei vincoli fisici su tensioni, correnti e duty-cycle. La struttura modulare del convertitore e del controllore rende l’approccio intrinsecamente scalabile rispetto al numero di sorgenti energetiche connesse.Un ulteriore contributo riguarda la stima dello stato e dei carichi nelle microreti DC tramite un osservatore ibrido tempo-variante progettato nel framework dei sistemi dinamici ibridi. L’osservatore sfrutta la misura della tensione di bus DC e gli ingressi di controllo per ricostruire le variabili interne del convertitore e la corrente di carico aggregata. La stabilità della dinamica dell’errore di stima viene dimostrata tramite un approccio basato su funzioni di Lyapunov e condizioni formulate tramite Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI), garantendo convergenza esponenziale e robustezza rispetto a incertezze parametriche e variazioni delle modalità di funzionamento del convertitore.Infine, viene sviluppata una metodologia di controllo model-based per convertitori isolati Active Neutral Point Clamped Dual Half-Bridge, modellati come sistemi switched-affine caratterizzati dalla presenza di variabili di controllo nascoste. L’approccio consente di ottenere condizioni di stabilità e di ottimizzare il comportamento dinamico del convertitore in presenza di vincoli di funzionamento e obiettivi multipli.Nel complesso, i risultati dimostrano che l’integrazione strutturata di controllo robusto non lineare, controllo predittivo e tecniche avanzate di osservazione costituisce un framework efficace per la gestione e il controllo di microreti in corrente continua caratterizzate da convertitori multiporta e dinamiche ibride, contribuendo allo sviluppo di sistemi energetici più efficienti, resilienti e scalabili.
Advanced Control and Observation Strategies for Power Converters in DC Microgrids
MARCHESE, Ivan
2026
Abstract
The increasing integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and power electronic conversion devices in modern energy infrastructures is accelerating the deployment of direct current microgrids (DC microgrids). In such systems, power electronic converters represent the key component for power flow management, DC bus voltage regulation, and coordination among energy sources, storage systems, and loads. However, the presence of multiport converters introduces strongly nonlinear dynamics, multivariable couplings, and behaviors dependent on switching configurations, making the design of robust and scalable control and observation strategies particularly challenging.This dissertation addresses these issues by developing advanced methodologies for modeling, state estimation, and control of power electronic converters operating in DC microgrids. The proposed approach integrates nonlinear robust control, predictive control, and state observation techniques in order to guarantee stability, robustness against disturbances and parametric variations, and coordination among strongly coupled subsystems.A first contribution concerns the nonlinear robust control of a Differential Boost Inverter (DBI) used for DC/AC conversion. The converter is modeled through a nonlinear dynamic representation and transformed into the Brunovský canonical form through feedback linearization techniques. Based on this model, a controller based on Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is designed, incorporating an Extended State Observer for the estimation of unmodeled disturbances. The control architecture is further enriched with a sliding-mode component aimed at increasing robustness against variations in the input voltage and load conditions, while simultaneously reducing the chattering phenomenon through a formulation based on dynamic inputs.The second contribution concerns the design of a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy for multi-input multi-output converters employed in modular DC microgrid architectures. The conversion system is modeled through an averaged state-space representation, allowing the control problem to be formulated in discrete time as a constrained optimization problem. The cost function enables regulation of the DC bus voltage and ensures proper current sharing among converter modules, while accounting for physical constraints on voltages, currents, and duty cycles. The modular structure of both the converter and the controller makes the proposed approach inherently scalable with respect to the number of connected energy sources.A further contribution addresses state and load estimation in DC microgrids through a time-varying hybrid observer designed within the hybrid dynamical systems framework. The observer exploits measurements of the DC bus voltage and control inputs in order to reconstruct the internal variables of the converters as well as the aggregated load current. The stability of the estimation error dynamics is formally proven through a Lyapunov-based approach and conditions expressed in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs), guaranteeing exponential convergence and robustness with respect to parameter uncertainties and switching operating modes.Finally, a model-based control methodology is developed for isolated Active Neutral Point Clamped Dual Half-Bridge converters, modeled as switched-affine systems characterized by the presence of hidden control variables. The proposed approach enables the derivation of stability conditions and the optimization of the converter dynamic behavior in the presence of operational constraints and multiple control objectives.Overall, the results demonstrate that the structured integration of nonlinear robust control, predictive control, and advanced state observation techniques provides an effective framework for the management and control of DC microgrids characterized by multiport converters and hybrid dynamics. The proposed methodologies contribute to the development of more efficient, resilient, and scalable energy systems.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361486
URN:NBN:IT:UNIPA-361486