This dissertation investigates the cognitive and linguistic mechanisms underlying the comprehension of possessive structures, with a specific focus on how animacy of the possessor and alienability of the possessed interact with syntactic architecture in Italian. The work is motivated by two major gaps in the literature: a Structural Gap, due to the almost exclusive focus on attributive possession rather than on predicative have-sentences, and a Methodological Gap, as previous studies have rarely investigated online processing.. Against the background of a long-standing debate on what counts as the “prototype” of possession, the thesis proposes to redefine prototypicality in processing terms, asking which possessive relations are integrated most efficiently and how this changes over development. To address these questions, four experiments were conducted. Three studies with adults examined the roles of animacy, alienability and syntactic structure. Experiment 1 replicated Vaid and Chen’s (2019) plausibility-judgment task for Italian attributive possessives, establishing an offline baseline and confirming an Inalienability Hypothesis: inalienable combinations were judged faster than alienable ones. Experiments 2 and 3 added self-paced reading to attributive and predicative structures respectively, allowing a direct comparison between online reading times and offline reaction times. In both syntactic frames, reading times revealed a robust Interaction Hypothesis: sentences combining animate possessors with inalienable possessions were processed fastest, indicating that these cues collaborate during comprehension. However, reaction times showed structure-dependent patterns: in attributive possession, decisions were primarily driven by animacy, whereas in predicative possession animacy and alienability contributed as independent factors. Experiment 4 investigated preschool children (3–6 years) using a picture-selection task. Accuracy was high across conditions, suggesting that the basic competence to interpret both attributive and predicative possessives is in place by age three. Reaction times, however, diverged from the adult pattern. In the predicative condition, children were faster with animate possessors and alienable possessed, consistent with an early “control-based” prototype aligned with the event structure of avere (‘to have’). In the attributive condition, no reliable effects of animacy or alienability emerged, suggesting that these phrases may be processed as cohesive chunks with limited inspection of internal semantic features. Taken together, the findings support a processing-based view of the possessive prototype. Animacy emerges as a stable ontological anchor across development, while the specification of the possessed shifts from a child prototype centered on controllable, alienable objects to an adult prototype centered on intrinsically connected, inalienable relations. Syntactic structure acts as a gatekeeper, modulating when and how conceptual cues are recruited: predicative frames with higher computational load promote active semantic scaffolding, whereas cohesive attributive frames tend to suppress it. By integrating theoretical, experimental and developmental perspectives, this dissertation positions possession as a key testing ground for the syntax–semantics interface and for the role of processing economy in language acquisition.
Questa tesi di dottorato indaga i meccanismi cognitivi e linguistici che sottendono la comprensione delle strutture possessive, con un’attenzione specifica a come l’animatezza del possessore e l’alienabilità del posseduto interagiscono con l’architettura sintattica in italiano. La ricerca si basa su due principali lacune nella letteratura: una strutturale, dovuta al focus quasi esclusivo sulla possessione attributiva piuttosto che sulle frasi predicative con avere, e una metodologica, in quanto gli studi precedenti hanno raramente indagato l’elaborazione online. Sullo sfondo di un dibattito di lunga data su che cosa debba intendersi come “prototipo” di possesso, la tesi propone di ridefinire la “prototipicità” in termini di elaborazione cognitiva, chiedendosi quali relazioni possessive vengano integrate in modo più efficiente e come ciò cambi lungo lo sviluppo. Per rispondere a queste domande sono stati condotti quattro esperimenti. Tre studi con adulti hanno esaminato il ruolo di animatezza, alienabilità e struttura sintattica. L’Esperimento 1 ha replicato, per l’italiano e per possessivi attributivi, il test di giudizio di plausibilità di Vaid e Chen (2019), stabilendo un punto di riferimento di misura offline e confermando l’Inalienability Hypothesis: le costruzioni inalienabili vengono giudicate più rapidamente di quelle alienabili. Gli Esperimenti 2 e 3 hanno aggiunto una misura di misurazione del tempo di lettura rispettivamente a strutture attributive e predicative, permettendo un confronto diretto tra tempi di lettura online e tempi di reazione offline. In entrambi i contesti sintattici, i tempi di lettura hanno messo in evidenza una robusta Interaction Hypothesis: le frasi che combinavano possessori animati con posseduti inalienabili risultavano le più veloci da elaborare, indicando che questi indizi collaborano durante la comprensione. I tempi di reazione, tuttavia, mostravano pattern dipendenti dalla struttura: nel possesso attributivo, le decisioni erano principalmente guidate dall’animatezza, mentre nel possesso predicativo animatezza e alienabilità contribuivano come fattori indipendenti. L’Esperimento 4 si è concentrato su bambini in età prescolare (3–6 anni) tramite un compito di scelta d’immagine, rispetto a una frase udita. L’accuratezza è risultata elevata in tutte le condizioni, suggerendo che la competenza di base per interpretare sia i possessivi attributivi sia quelli predicativi è già disponibile intorno ai tre anni. I pattern dei tempi di reazione, tuttavia, divergevano dal pattern adulto. Nella condizione predicativa, i bambini erano più veloci con possessori animati e posseduti alienabili, in linea con un prototipo precoce “basato sul controllo”, allineato alla struttura evocata da avere. Nella condizione attributiva, invece, non emergevano effetti di animatezza o alienabilità, il che suggerisce che questi sintagmi possano essere elaborati come unità coese. Complessivamente, i risultati sostengono una visione del prototipo possessivo basata sulle modalità di elaborazione. L’animatezza emerge come un punto di riferimento stabile lungo tutto lo sviluppo, mentre la specificazione del posseduto si sposta da un prototipo infantile centrato su oggetti controllabili e alienabili a un prototipo adulto centrato su relazioni inalienabili, intrinsecamente connesse. La struttura sintattica agisce come un “filtro”, modulando il quando e il come gli indizi concettuali vengono implementati: i contesti predicativi, con un carico computazionale più elevato, favoriscono un attivo supporto semantico, mentre i frame attributivi, più coesi, tendono a sopprimerlo. Integrando prospettive teoriche e sperimentali, questa tesi propone le strutture possessive come banco di prova privilegiato per lo studio dell’interfaccia sintassi–semantica e del ruolo dell’economia di processamento nell’acquisizione del linguaggio.
The Syntax-Semantics Interface in Possessive Constructions: Online Processing and Developmental Patterns in Italian
REPETTI, VERONICA
2026
Abstract
This dissertation investigates the cognitive and linguistic mechanisms underlying the comprehension of possessive structures, with a specific focus on how animacy of the possessor and alienability of the possessed interact with syntactic architecture in Italian. The work is motivated by two major gaps in the literature: a Structural Gap, due to the almost exclusive focus on attributive possession rather than on predicative have-sentences, and a Methodological Gap, as previous studies have rarely investigated online processing.. Against the background of a long-standing debate on what counts as the “prototype” of possession, the thesis proposes to redefine prototypicality in processing terms, asking which possessive relations are integrated most efficiently and how this changes over development. To address these questions, four experiments were conducted. Three studies with adults examined the roles of animacy, alienability and syntactic structure. Experiment 1 replicated Vaid and Chen’s (2019) plausibility-judgment task for Italian attributive possessives, establishing an offline baseline and confirming an Inalienability Hypothesis: inalienable combinations were judged faster than alienable ones. Experiments 2 and 3 added self-paced reading to attributive and predicative structures respectively, allowing a direct comparison between online reading times and offline reaction times. In both syntactic frames, reading times revealed a robust Interaction Hypothesis: sentences combining animate possessors with inalienable possessions were processed fastest, indicating that these cues collaborate during comprehension. However, reaction times showed structure-dependent patterns: in attributive possession, decisions were primarily driven by animacy, whereas in predicative possession animacy and alienability contributed as independent factors. Experiment 4 investigated preschool children (3–6 years) using a picture-selection task. Accuracy was high across conditions, suggesting that the basic competence to interpret both attributive and predicative possessives is in place by age three. Reaction times, however, diverged from the adult pattern. In the predicative condition, children were faster with animate possessors and alienable possessed, consistent with an early “control-based” prototype aligned with the event structure of avere (‘to have’). In the attributive condition, no reliable effects of animacy or alienability emerged, suggesting that these phrases may be processed as cohesive chunks with limited inspection of internal semantic features. Taken together, the findings support a processing-based view of the possessive prototype. Animacy emerges as a stable ontological anchor across development, while the specification of the possessed shifts from a child prototype centered on controllable, alienable objects to an adult prototype centered on intrinsically connected, inalienable relations. Syntactic structure acts as a gatekeeper, modulating when and how conceptual cues are recruited: predicative frames with higher computational load promote active semantic scaffolding, whereas cohesive attributive frames tend to suppress it. By integrating theoretical, experimental and developmental perspectives, this dissertation positions possession as a key testing ground for the syntax–semantics interface and for the role of processing economy in language acquisition.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/361804
URN:NBN:IT:UNIGE-361804