Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a central regulator of caspase-8mediated cell death. Our research group demonstrated that the enforced expression of c-FLIP in monocytes induces a strong transcriptional and functional reprogramming, resulting in immunosuppressive functions in vitro and in vivo. Considering the limitations of monocyte-based cell therapy, tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) have recently garnered attention as a potentially more advantageous approach for treating autoimmune diseases. Indeed, tolDCs possess an intrinsic ability to suppress antigen-specific immune responses and, thus, avoid the adverse effects of systemic immunosuppressive drugs. In this study, we exploited the potential of recently developed mRNA technology to generate human DCs overexpressing c-FLIP (FLIP-DCs). Analysis of these cells revealed typical features of tolDCs, such as maturation-resistance, high levels of PD-L1 and IDO expression, and low secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, FLIP-DCs are characterized by elevated CCR7 levels, which confer them a greater tendency to migrate. Co-culture experiments demonstrated that FLIP-DCs can suppress antigen-specific T cell responses. FLIP-DCs also showed efficacy in vivo, controlling graft-versus-host (GvHD) progression in mice. Notably, although mRNA-induced cellular modifications are classically transient, the phenotypic features of FLIP-DCs persist over time, even in a proinflammatory environment. Accordingly, analysis of the metabolic and epigenetic profiles showed that c-FLIP overexpression causes marked, long-lasting changes in metabolism and histone modifications in DCs, imprinting an epigenetic "memory" that sustains the tolerogenic phenotype. Overall, the study identifies c-FLIP as a potent inducer of tolerogenicity in human DCs and highlights its potential for treating autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) è una proteina nota per il suo ruolo nella regolazione della morte cellulare programmata. Il nostro gruppo di ricerca ha dimostrato che l’overespressione di c-FLIP nei monociti induce un marcato riarrangiamento trascrizionale e funzionale che si traduce nell’acquisizione di proprietà immunosoppressive in vitro e in vivo. Considerati i limiti delle terapie cellulari basate sui monociti, le cellule dendritiche tollerogeniche (tolDCs) rappresentano un’alternativa promettente per il trattamento di patologie autoimmuni ed infiammatorie, anche grazie alla loro capacità intrinseca di indurre tolleranza immunitaria antigene-specifica, caratteristica che consentirebbe di evitare gli effetti collaterali associati all’immunosoppressione sistemica. Nel presente studio è stato sfruttato il potenziale delle nuove tecnologie a mRNA per indurre l’overespressione di c-FLIP delle DCs umane. L’analisi di queste cellule (FLIP-DCs) ha rivelato caratteristiche fenotipiche tipiche delle tolDCs, come resistenza agli stimoli maturativi, marcata espressione di PD-L1 e IDO, e ridotta secrezione delle citochine pro-infiammatorie IL-6 e TNF-α. Inoltre, le FLIP-DCs sono caratterizzate da elevati livelli di CCR7, che conferisce loro una spiccata capacità migratoria. Le FLIP-DCs hanno dimostrato di indurre tolleranza antigene-specifica nei linfociti T in vitro e di migliorare il decorso clinico nei topi con malattia da trapianto verso l’ospite. Sorprendentemente, nonostante gli effetti fenotipici dell’ingegnerizzazione a mRNA siano per natura transienti, nelle FLIP-DCs risultano persistere nel tempo anche in ambiente pro-infiammatorio. L’analisi del profilo metabolico ed epigenetico di queste cellule ha mostrato come l’overespressione di c-FLIP causi marcati e duraturi cambiamenti metabolici e nelle modifiche istoniche, imprimendo una “memoria” epigenetica che sostiene il fenotipo tollerogenico. Nel complesso, lo studio identifica c-FLIP come un potente induttore di tollerogenicità nelle DCs umane e ne rivela il potenziale nel trattamento di patologie autoimmuni e infiammatorie.
c-FLIP mRNA-based engineering of Dendritic Cells: a new strategy for inducing long-term immune tolerance
URBINI, ELIANA
2026
Abstract
Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) is a central regulator of caspase-8mediated cell death. Our research group demonstrated that the enforced expression of c-FLIP in monocytes induces a strong transcriptional and functional reprogramming, resulting in immunosuppressive functions in vitro and in vivo. Considering the limitations of monocyte-based cell therapy, tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) have recently garnered attention as a potentially more advantageous approach for treating autoimmune diseases. Indeed, tolDCs possess an intrinsic ability to suppress antigen-specific immune responses and, thus, avoid the adverse effects of systemic immunosuppressive drugs. In this study, we exploited the potential of recently developed mRNA technology to generate human DCs overexpressing c-FLIP (FLIP-DCs). Analysis of these cells revealed typical features of tolDCs, such as maturation-resistance, high levels of PD-L1 and IDO expression, and low secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α. Furthermore, FLIP-DCs are characterized by elevated CCR7 levels, which confer them a greater tendency to migrate. Co-culture experiments demonstrated that FLIP-DCs can suppress antigen-specific T cell responses. FLIP-DCs also showed efficacy in vivo, controlling graft-versus-host (GvHD) progression in mice. Notably, although mRNA-induced cellular modifications are classically transient, the phenotypic features of FLIP-DCs persist over time, even in a proinflammatory environment. Accordingly, analysis of the metabolic and epigenetic profiles showed that c-FLIP overexpression causes marked, long-lasting changes in metabolism and histone modifications in DCs, imprinting an epigenetic "memory" that sustains the tolerogenic phenotype. Overall, the study identifies c-FLIP as a potent inducer of tolerogenicity in human DCs and highlights its potential for treating autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/362406
URN:NBN:IT:UNIVR-362406