Sleep problems are frequently reported in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The available literature, based mostly on subjective measures, suggests that insomnia symptoms may be common in this clinical population, affecting daytime functioning. In contrast, studies using objective sleep measures, such as actigraphy and polysomnography, are scarce and describe a highly heterogeneous picture. The electrophysiology of sleep received scant attention. In fact, to date, the topographical distributions of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity across the entire sleep period remain completely unexplored. The few available empirical findings focused on EEG oscillations specific to NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, such as Slow Wave Activity (SWA) and sleep spindles, suggesting an atypical expression in ASD. Considering the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, this thesis aimed to investigate sleep patterns in ASD using primarily objective measures of sleep. The first study aimed to compare sleep patterns assessed by subjective (i.e., sleep diaries) and objective (i.e., actigraphy) measures between children and adolescents with ASD (N=36) and those with typical development (N=24), and to examine their relationship with demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics within the ASD group. Participants wore an actigraph on their wrist for one week, and each morning, within 15 minutes of awakening, caregivers filled in a sleep diary. The main finding pointed to a higher frequency of sleep-related difficulties reported by caregivers in the clinical sample, while no difference was found between the two groups in the actigraphic sleep measures. Within the ASD sample, younger age was related with poorer sleep quality, as assessed by actigraphy and sleep diaries. Comparisons between children with ASD with average and below-average intelligent quotients showed more pronounced sleep problems in the latter, as detected by both sleep diaries and, to a lesser extent, by actigraphy. The results suggest a possible tendency for caregivers to overestimate sleep difficulties in children with ASD. Among the variables examined, only age seemed to influence sleep quality as assessed by objective and subjective measures. In fact, children diagnosed with ASD at an earlier age tend to exhibit more severe clinical profiles that seem to include greater sleep problems. Similarly, in children and adolescents with ASD and lower cognitive functioning, symptoms are generally more severe, and sleep difficulties may also be more pronounced. However, the small effects observed in the actigraphic measures suggest that this aspect requires further investigation. The second study employed polysomnography, the gold standard for objective sleep assessment, with the primary aim of comparing the macrostructural patterns and the EEG topographies of a full night’s sleep between children and adolescents with Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) (N=8) and a control group (N=16), who underwent overnight polysomnographic recording with a 19-channel EEG montage. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate, in a fully exploratory manner, the nature of potential alterations in delta or sigma EEG activity in which the typical oscillations of NREM sleep (i.e., SWA and sleep spindles) are expressed. Topographic analyses showed a more pronounced frontal SWA pattern in the AS group, particularly during stage N3. Considering that SWA, especially during childhood, reflects cortical maturation processes, assuming higher intensities during infancy, it was hypothesized that the enhanced expression of slow-frequency activity in the clinical sample may reflect a delayed maturation of the frontal areas. The results for stage N3 appeared to support this hypothesis, showing that, in individuals with AS, the SWA profile was similar to that observed in younger controls. Furthermore, in the clinical sample, SWA was predominantly expressed at slow frequencies around 1 Hz, and slow waves were more numerous, larger and steeper. Further analyses excluded a contribution from altered homeostatic regulation, suggesting that the observed SWA pattern in AS may represent a stable feature throughout the night. This study represents an initial attempt to achieve an in-depth understanding of the electrophysiology of sleep in ASD. The results suggest that SWA expression in AS may be more comparable to that of younger ages, probably reflecting atypical and potentially delayed maturation of frontal regions. Overall, the two studies did not reveal objective alterations in sleep macrostructure indicative of reduced sleep quality in ASD, in contrast to findings from the literature based on subjective measures. Instead, the results of the second study point to a possible involvement of atypical EEG patterns related to neurodevelopment in ASD.
Nei bambini e adolescenti con disturbo dello spettro dell’autismo (Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD) viene frequentemente riportata un’elevata prevalenza di problemi di sonno. La letteratura, basata perlopiù su misure soggettive, suggerisce che i sintomi di insonnia potrebbero essere diffusi in questa popolazione clinica e tali da peggiorarne il funzionamento diurno. Al contrario, gli studi condotti con misurazioni obiettive di sonno, come l’actigrafia e la polisonnografia, sono meno numerosi e descrivono un quadro fortemente eterogeneo. L’elettrofisiologia del sonno peculiare dell’ASD è stata scarsamente approfondita. Infatti, ad oggi, gli andamenti topografici delle attività elettroencefalografiche (EEG) durante l’intero periodo di sonno notturno risultano completamente inesplorati. I pochi riscontri disponibili si sono focalizzati sulle oscillazioni EEG peculiari del sonno NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement), come la Slow Wave Activity (SWA) e i fusi del sonno, suggerendone un’espressione atipica. Considerando la frammentarietà delle evidenze empiriche esistenti, il presente lavoro di tesi si è posto l’obiettivo di approfondire le caratteristiche di sonno nell’ASD utilizzando principalmente strumenti obiettivi per misurare il sonno. Il primo studio ha confrontato i pattern di sonno rilevati con strumenti soggettivi (i.e., diari del sonno) e obiettivi (i.e., actigrafia), tra bambini e adolescenti con ASD (N=36) e con sviluppo tipico (N=24), esaminandone la relazione con le caratteristiche demografiche, cliniche e le abilità intellettive, all’interno del campione con ASD. I partecipanti hanno indossato l’actigrafo al polso per una settimana e ogni mattina, entro 15 minuti dal risveglio, i caregiver hanno compilato un diario del sonno. I principali risultati hanno mostrato una maggior presenza di difficoltà legate al sonno riferite dai caregiver nel campione clinico e nessuna differenza tra i due gruppi rispetto alle variabili ipniche derivate dall’actigrafo. All’interno del campione con ASD, è stata osservata un’associazione tra la più giovane età dei partecipanti e una peggiore qualità del sonno, rilevata dall’actigrafo e dal diario. I confronti tra i bambini con ASD con un quoziente intellettivo nella media e sotto la media hanno mostrato, in questi ultimi, delle manifestazioni più accentuate di un sonno disturbato rilevate sia dal diario che, tendenzialmente, anche dall’actigrafo. I risultati suggeriscono una tendenza da parte dei caregiver a sovrastimare le difficoltà di sonno dei bambini con ASD. Tra le variabili considerate, solo l’età sembra influenzare la qualità del sonno misurata con strumenti obiettivi, oltre che soggettivi. Infatti, i bambini che ricevono una diagnosi di ASD in età precoce potrebbero presentare un quadro sintomatologico più grave che potrebbe includere maggiori difficoltà di sonno. Similmente, nei bambini con ASD con un funzionamento cognitivo inferiore, il profilo clinico è di maggiore gravità e anche i sintomi di un sonno disturbato potrebbero essere più gravi. Tuttavia, l’entità contenuta dei risultati ottenuti rispetto alle misure actigrafiche, suggerisce che questo aspetto meriterebbe ulteriori approfondimenti. Il secondo studio ha impiegato lo strumento gold standard, la polisonnografia, per misurare il sonno, ponendosi l’obiettivo principale di confrontare le caratteristiche macrostrutturali e topografiche di un’intera notte di sonno tra un gruppo di bambini e adolescenti con Sindrome di Asperger (Asperger’s Syndrome, AS) (N=8) e un gruppo di controllo (N=16), che hanno effettuato una notte di registrazione polisonnografica (19 derivazioni corticali). L’intento secondario dello studio è stato quello di approfondire, in maniera esplorativa, la natura di eventuali alterazioni nelle attività EEG delta o sigma in cui si esprimono le oscillazioni tipiche del sonno NREM (i.e., SWA e fusi del sonno). Le analisi topografiche dell’attività EEG hanno mostrato, nel gruppo con AS, un andamento maggiormente pronunciato della SWA frontale, principalmente in stadio N3. Considerando che la SWA, specialmente in età evolutiva, riflette i processi di maturazione corticale, assumendo intensità superiori durante l’infanzia, si è ipotizzato che la marcata espressione delle frequenze lente nel campione clinico potesse essere sottesa da una maturazione tardiva delle aree frontali. I risultati relativi allo stadio N3 sembrano sostenere tale ipotesi, evidenziando, nei soggetti con AS, un profilo di espressione attività lenta più simile a quello osservato nei controlli più giovani. Inoltre, nel campione clinico, la SWA sembrerebbe esprimersi maggiormente nelle frequenze lente a 1 Hz e le onde lente sono risultate più numerose e, tendenzialmente, più ampie e ripide. Ulteriori analisi hanno escluso il contributo di un’alterata regolazione omeostatica, suggerendo che l’andamento osservato per SWA nell’AS potrebbe rappresentare una caratteristica stabile nel corso della notte. Questo lavoro rappresenta un primo tentativo verso una comprensione più approfondita dell’elettrofisiologia del sonno nell’ASD. I risultati suggeriscono che l’espressione della SWA nell’AS potrebbe essere maggiormente comparabile a quella delle età inferiori, riflettendo probabilmente una maturazione atipica e potenzialmente tardiva delle regioni frontali. Nel complesso, i risultati dei due studi non hanno mostrato delle alterazioni obiettive nella macrostruttura del sonno che riflettano un impoverimento della qualità del sonno nell’ASD, contrariamente a quanto osservato dalla letteratura che ha utilizzato strumenti soggettivi. Piuttosto, i riscontri del secondo lavoro lasciano ipotizzare un coinvolgimento nell’ASD di un’alterata espressione di specifici pattern EEG collegati al neurosviluppo.
Caratteristiche di sonno misurate con strumenti obiettivi nei bambini e adolescenti con autismo
PELLEGRINI, ELISA
2026
Abstract
Sleep problems are frequently reported in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The available literature, based mostly on subjective measures, suggests that insomnia symptoms may be common in this clinical population, affecting daytime functioning. In contrast, studies using objective sleep measures, such as actigraphy and polysomnography, are scarce and describe a highly heterogeneous picture. The electrophysiology of sleep received scant attention. In fact, to date, the topographical distributions of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity across the entire sleep period remain completely unexplored. The few available empirical findings focused on EEG oscillations specific to NREM (Non-Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, such as Slow Wave Activity (SWA) and sleep spindles, suggesting an atypical expression in ASD. Considering the fragmentary nature of the existing evidence, this thesis aimed to investigate sleep patterns in ASD using primarily objective measures of sleep. The first study aimed to compare sleep patterns assessed by subjective (i.e., sleep diaries) and objective (i.e., actigraphy) measures between children and adolescents with ASD (N=36) and those with typical development (N=24), and to examine their relationship with demographic, clinical, and cognitive characteristics within the ASD group. Participants wore an actigraph on their wrist for one week, and each morning, within 15 minutes of awakening, caregivers filled in a sleep diary. The main finding pointed to a higher frequency of sleep-related difficulties reported by caregivers in the clinical sample, while no difference was found between the two groups in the actigraphic sleep measures. Within the ASD sample, younger age was related with poorer sleep quality, as assessed by actigraphy and sleep diaries. Comparisons between children with ASD with average and below-average intelligent quotients showed more pronounced sleep problems in the latter, as detected by both sleep diaries and, to a lesser extent, by actigraphy. The results suggest a possible tendency for caregivers to overestimate sleep difficulties in children with ASD. Among the variables examined, only age seemed to influence sleep quality as assessed by objective and subjective measures. In fact, children diagnosed with ASD at an earlier age tend to exhibit more severe clinical profiles that seem to include greater sleep problems. Similarly, in children and adolescents with ASD and lower cognitive functioning, symptoms are generally more severe, and sleep difficulties may also be more pronounced. However, the small effects observed in the actigraphic measures suggest that this aspect requires further investigation. The second study employed polysomnography, the gold standard for objective sleep assessment, with the primary aim of comparing the macrostructural patterns and the EEG topographies of a full night’s sleep between children and adolescents with Asperger’s Syndrome (AS) (N=8) and a control group (N=16), who underwent overnight polysomnographic recording with a 19-channel EEG montage. The secondary aim of the study was to investigate, in a fully exploratory manner, the nature of potential alterations in delta or sigma EEG activity in which the typical oscillations of NREM sleep (i.e., SWA and sleep spindles) are expressed. Topographic analyses showed a more pronounced frontal SWA pattern in the AS group, particularly during stage N3. Considering that SWA, especially during childhood, reflects cortical maturation processes, assuming higher intensities during infancy, it was hypothesized that the enhanced expression of slow-frequency activity in the clinical sample may reflect a delayed maturation of the frontal areas. The results for stage N3 appeared to support this hypothesis, showing that, in individuals with AS, the SWA profile was similar to that observed in younger controls. Furthermore, in the clinical sample, SWA was predominantly expressed at slow frequencies around 1 Hz, and slow waves were more numerous, larger and steeper. Further analyses excluded a contribution from altered homeostatic regulation, suggesting that the observed SWA pattern in AS may represent a stable feature throughout the night. This study represents an initial attempt to achieve an in-depth understanding of the electrophysiology of sleep in ASD. The results suggest that SWA expression in AS may be more comparable to that of younger ages, probably reflecting atypical and potentially delayed maturation of frontal regions. Overall, the two studies did not reveal objective alterations in sleep macrostructure indicative of reduced sleep quality in ASD, in contrast to findings from the literature based on subjective measures. Instead, the results of the second study point to a possible involvement of atypical EEG patterns related to neurodevelopment in ASD.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Tesi_dottorato_Pellegrini.pdf
accesso aperto
Licenza:
Creative Commons
Dimensione
9.74 MB
Formato
Adobe PDF
|
9.74 MB | Adobe PDF | Visualizza/Apri |
I documenti in UNITESI sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/362831
URN:NBN:IT:UNIROMA1-362831