Modern agriculture is facing the global challenge of feeding a growing human population while drastically reducing the environmental impacts of its farming practices. So far, agricultural intensification has come at the expenses of the natural systems, resulting in worldwide declines in farmland biodiversity and the erosion of key ecological functions – like insectivory, pollination and nutrient cycling – upon which the same production and the human well-being depend. Alternative farming practices are thus urgently needed to halt further biodiversity loss, intensify the ecological functions of agro-ecosystems and eventually ensure the long-term stability of food productions, for all. In this thesis I studied the socio-ecological system of the Non Valley (Trento province, northern Italy) to identify more-sustainable farming practices for the intensively-managed apple orchards that dominate the landscape and the economy of the valley. To do so, I investigated the environmental drivers of orchard-dwelling animal communities of birds, flower-visiting insects, and herbivore mammals (rodents, hares and roe deer), as these taxa deliver ecosystem services (pest control and pollination) and disservices (herbivory) in the apple district. I also explored the human dimension by studying the attitudes towards biodiversity, their services/disservices and the natural landscapes in local stakeholders, namely the apple farmers, other citizens, and tourists. From the ecological side, I found simplified – yet conspicuous – bird communities, dominated by generalist species, and low densities of flower-visiting wild insects – especially wild bees. I thus identified two main strategies to increase these taxa and their potential delivery of pest control and pollination services: i.e. by a more-informed spatial planning at the orchard level, aimed at increasing its configurational heterogeneity, and by increasing flower richness and reducing mowing intensity on the ground layer at the parcel level. Then, I integrated all the animal functional guilds and the human attitudes into a comprehensive analysis and demonstrated that future scenarios of ‘ecological intensification’ would provide more benefits (to biodiversity, the society, and the fruit production) than a further agricultural intensification. Increasing the orchard compositional heterogeneity, reducing impactful protection nets and increasing the natural elements within the farmed landscape would trigger significant biodiversity increases, reduce ecosystem disservices, and have positive cascading effects on the cultural, aesthetic and recreational value perceived by all the stakeholders. A more diverse, heterogeneous orchard would thus enlarge the audience benefitting its services beyond the sole farmers, while allowing the persistence – and eventually the recovery – of farmland biodiversity. Through this thesis, I thus explored possible collective pathways to increase the long-term sustainability of the local apple production and identified prompt strategies to achieve them, eventually reconciling agriculture with nature conservation and social welfare.
L’agricoltura moderna sta affrontando la sfida globale di sfamare la crescente popolazione umana e contemporaneamente ridurre drasticamente il suo impatto ambientale. Fino ad ora, l’intensificazione agricola è avvenuta a discapito dei sistemi naturali, comportando un declino globale della biodiversità e l’erosione di funzioni ecologiche fondamentali – come l’insettivoria, l’impollinazione e il riciclo dei nutrienti – da cui la produzione stessa e in ultimo l’umanità tutta dipendono. È dunque urgente identificare delle pratiche agricole alternative per evitare un’ulteriore perdita di biodiversità, intensificare le funzioni ecologiche degli agro-ecosistemi e conseguentemente assicurare la stabilità a lungo termine delle produzioni agricole, per tutti. In questa tesi ho studiato il sistema socio-ecologico della Val di Non (provincia di Trento, Italia) con lo scopo di identificare pratiche agricole più sostenibili per la melicoltura intensiva che domina il paesaggio e l’economia della valle. Per farlo, ho analizzato i fattori ambientali che influenzano le comunità animali di uccelli, insetti pronubi e mammiferi erbivori (roditori, lepri e caprioli), taxa questi che contribuiscono all’erogazione di servizi e disservizi ecosistemici importanti per la produzione frutticola, quali controllo delle pesti, impollinazione ed erbivoria. Ho inoltre affrontato aspetti sociologici, investigando come i più importanti gruppi sociali della valle (agricoltori, altri cittadini e turisti) percepiscano la biodiversità e i diversi paesaggi della valle. Dal punto di vista ecologico, nei meleti ho trovato una comunità avicola semplificata e dominata da specie generaliste, nonché basse densità di insetti pronubi, soprattutto api selvatiche. Ho identificato due strategie per incrementare questi taxa e la potenziale erogazione dei servizi a loro associati: a livello del meleto, una migliore pianificazione spaziale atta ad aumentarne l’eterogeneità nella configurazione; a livello di singoli sesti d’impianto, l’incremento della ricchezza floristica e la riduzione nella frequenza degli sfalci del manto erboso. Infine, ho integrato i gruppi funzionali animali e le attitudini sociali in un’analisi onnicomprensiva e ho dimostrato che scenari futuri di ‘intensificazione ecologica’ comporterebbero maggiori benefici (alla biodiversità, alla produzione e alla società) rispetto ad uno scenario di ulteriore intensificazione agricola. Aumentare l’eterogeneità composizionale del meleto, ridurre l’intensità delle pratiche agricole (come l’uso delle reti anti-grandine) e incrementare gli elementi naturali nel mosaico agricolo aumenterebbero significativamente la biodiversità, ridurrebbero i disservizi ecosistemici e avrebbero effetti positivi a cascata sul valore culturale, estetico e ricreativo del meleto. Un meleto più biodiverso ed eterogeneo allargherebbe l’audience che beneficia dei suoi servizi oltre ai soli agricoltori, mentre permetterebbe la persistenza – ed eventualmente il recupero – delle comunità animali legate al contesto agricolo. Attraverso questa tesi, ho dunque esplorato possibili percorsi inclusivi per aumentare la sostenibilità a lungo termine della melicoltura intensiva e individuato strategie concrete per avviarli, nel tentativo ultimo di riconciliare finalmente l’agricoltura con la conservazione della natura e il benessere sociale.
THE ORCHARD AND ITS DWELLERS: PATHWAYS FOR RECONCILING NATURE CONSERVATION WITH INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE IN THE NON VALLEY APPLE DISTRICT, NORTHERN ITALY
ALESSANDRINI, CORRADO
2026
Abstract
Modern agriculture is facing the global challenge of feeding a growing human population while drastically reducing the environmental impacts of its farming practices. So far, agricultural intensification has come at the expenses of the natural systems, resulting in worldwide declines in farmland biodiversity and the erosion of key ecological functions – like insectivory, pollination and nutrient cycling – upon which the same production and the human well-being depend. Alternative farming practices are thus urgently needed to halt further biodiversity loss, intensify the ecological functions of agro-ecosystems and eventually ensure the long-term stability of food productions, for all. In this thesis I studied the socio-ecological system of the Non Valley (Trento province, northern Italy) to identify more-sustainable farming practices for the intensively-managed apple orchards that dominate the landscape and the economy of the valley. To do so, I investigated the environmental drivers of orchard-dwelling animal communities of birds, flower-visiting insects, and herbivore mammals (rodents, hares and roe deer), as these taxa deliver ecosystem services (pest control and pollination) and disservices (herbivory) in the apple district. I also explored the human dimension by studying the attitudes towards biodiversity, their services/disservices and the natural landscapes in local stakeholders, namely the apple farmers, other citizens, and tourists. From the ecological side, I found simplified – yet conspicuous – bird communities, dominated by generalist species, and low densities of flower-visiting wild insects – especially wild bees. I thus identified two main strategies to increase these taxa and their potential delivery of pest control and pollination services: i.e. by a more-informed spatial planning at the orchard level, aimed at increasing its configurational heterogeneity, and by increasing flower richness and reducing mowing intensity on the ground layer at the parcel level. Then, I integrated all the animal functional guilds and the human attitudes into a comprehensive analysis and demonstrated that future scenarios of ‘ecological intensification’ would provide more benefits (to biodiversity, the society, and the fruit production) than a further agricultural intensification. Increasing the orchard compositional heterogeneity, reducing impactful protection nets and increasing the natural elements within the farmed landscape would trigger significant biodiversity increases, reduce ecosystem disservices, and have positive cascading effects on the cultural, aesthetic and recreational value perceived by all the stakeholders. A more diverse, heterogeneous orchard would thus enlarge the audience benefitting its services beyond the sole farmers, while allowing the persistence – and eventually the recovery – of farmland biodiversity. Through this thesis, I thus explored possible collective pathways to increase the long-term sustainability of the local apple production and identified prompt strategies to achieve them, eventually reconciling agriculture with nature conservation and social welfare.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/363626
URN:NBN:IT:UNIMI-363626