Exploring the kinematics of human movement holds significant clinical relevance, offering essential insights into limb functionality under both physiological and pathological conditions, insights that are crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment planning, and rehabilitation monitoring. Traditionally, non-wearable systems have been regarded as the gold standard for motion analysis; however, their high cost, limited accessibility, and dependence on controlled laboratory environments restrict their practical application. In contrast, wearable technologies, such as Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and surface Electromyography (sEMG), provide portable, non-invasive, and flexible solutions that enable continuous monitoring and the acquisition of objective, quantitative data across a variety of real-world settings. This thesis explores the application of IMUs and sEMG in human movement analysis, with a focus on two main situations: (1) the development of an IMU-based protocol for assessing fall risk in the elderly, and (2) the investigation of shoulder kinematics and muscular activity in overhead sports. Through these studies, the work aims to advance the implementation of wearable technologies as reliable tools for objective movement assessment, bridging the gap between laboratory-based research and clinical or athletic practice. The first part of the thesis presents a novel methodology to make objective the application of the Tinetti Fall Risk Assessment Scale, the most widely used clinical tool for evaluating fall risk in the elderly population. The proposed protocol tries to overcome the main limitations of the clinical scale by adopting the use of sensors and of objective kinematic parameters derived from angular rotations. Validation was initially performed on a healthy young cohort to establish normative reference values, followed by application to an elderly population with varying levels of fall risk. The findings suggest age-related differences in the parameters, in particular in spectral power during standing balance, highlighting measurable distinctions in postural control. Although correlations between kinematic parameters and clinical scores were generally weak, consistent trends emerged in step duration and amplitude during the 360° turning task, suggesting its high sensitivity in capturing gait irregularities. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of wearable sensor technologies to complement and enhance conventional clinical scales, enabling more objective, reliable, and data-driven evaluations of balance and mobility in older adults. The second part focuses on shoulder biomechanics across three overhead sports, swimming, climbing, and water polo, where extensive mobility and repetitive overhead movements often lead to joint instability and overuse injuries. Using IMUs and sEMG, sport-specific kinematic patterns and neuromuscular activation profiles were quantified, alongside an evaluation of the effects of a physiotherapy intervention. Differences were identified between healthy and pathological athletes, with the rehabilitation protocol demonstrating notable improvements in muscle activation balance, proprioceptive control, and overall movement efficiency. Despite the relatively small sample sizes, the findings validate the applicability of wearable technologies as effective tools for monitoring and supporting targeted physiotherapy, individualized rehabilitation, and injury prevention strategies. Overall, this thesis contributes to the growing body of evidence advocating the validity of wearable IMU and sEMG technologies in both clinical and sports contexts. By enabling objective, quantitative, and context-specific analysis of human movement, these systems bridge the gap between laboratory research and practical application, paving the way toward data-driven healthcare, personalized rehabilitation, and performance optimization.
Lo studio della cinematica del movimento umano ha una rilevanza clinica significativa poiché fornisce informazioni fondamentali per una diagnosi accurata e un monitoraggio oggettivo della riabilitazione. I sistemi “non wearable” sono considerati il gold standard per l’analisi del movimento; tuttavia, il loro elevato costo, la limitata accessibilità e la necessità di ambienti di laboratorio controllati, ne riducono l’applicabilità pratica. Al contrario, le tecnologie “wearable”, come le unità di misura inerziali (IMU) e l’elettromiografia di superficie (sEMG), offrono soluzioni portatili, non invasive e flessibili, che permettono un monitoraggio continuo e la raccolta di dati quantitativi e oggettivi in una vasta gamma di contesti. La presente tesi esplora l’applicazione di IMU e sEMG nell’analisi del movimento in due ambiti principali: (1) lo sviluppo di un protocollo basato su IMU per la valutazione del rischio di caduta nella popolazione anziana, e (2) lo studio della cinematica e dell’attività muscolare della spalla negli sport “overhead”. La prima parte della tesi presenta una nuova metodologia per oggettivare l’applicazione della scala del rischio di caduta Tinetti, lo strumento clinico maggiormente diffuso per la valutazione del rischio di caduta nella popolazione anziana. Il protocollo proposto mira a superare le principali limitazioni della scala tradizionale attraverso l’impiego di sensori e parametri cinematici oggetti derivati dalle rotazioni angolari. La validazione è stata condotta su un gruppo di giovani adulti sani, al fine di stabilire valori di riferimento normativi, per poi essere applicata a una popolazione anziana con differenti livelli di rischio di caduta. I risultati evidenziano differenze legate all’età nei parametri analizzati, in particolare nella potenza spettrale durante il mantenimento dell’equilibrio, sottolineando differenze misurabili nel controllo posturale. Sebbene le correlazioni tra parametri cinematici e punteggi clinici risultino deboli, sono emerse tendenze coerenti nella durata e nell’ampiezza del passo durante la prova di rotazione a 360°, suggerendo un’elevata sensibilità di tale compito nel rilevare irregolarità del cammino. Complessivamente, i risultati ottenuti evidenziano il potenziale delle tecnologie indossabili nel completare e migliorare le scale cliniche convenzionali, consentendo valutazioni più oggettive, affidabili e basate su dati quantitativi dell’equilibrio e della mobilità negli anziani. La seconda parte si concentra sulla biomeccanica della spalla in tre sport overhead, nuoto, arrampicata e pallanuoto, nei quali l’ampia mobilità articolare e i movimenti ripetitivi sopra la testa possono determinare instabilità articolare e lesioni da sovraccarico. Mediante l’utilizzo combinato di IMU e sEMG sono stati quantificati i pattern cinematici e i profili di attivazione neuromuscolare specifici per ciascuna disciplina, insieme alla valutazione degli effetti di un intervento fisioterapico mirato. Sono state identificate differenze tra atleti sani e atleti con patologie della spalla, con il protocollo riabilitativo che ha evidenziato miglioramenti significativi nell’equilibrio di attivazione muscolare, nel controllo propriocettivo e nell’efficienza complessiva del movimento. Nonostante le dimensioni relativamente ridotte dei campioni, i risultati confermano l’applicabilità delle tecnologie indossabili come strumenti efficaci per il monitoraggio e il supporto della fisioterapia mirata, della riabilitazione personalizzata e delle strategie di prevenzione degli infortuni. La tesi dimostra la validità delle tecnologie indossabili basate su sensori IMU e EMG superficiale in ambito clinico e sportivo, evidenziandone il ruolo nel favorire un’analisi oggettiva del movimento e nel promuovere una sanità basata sui dati, una riabilitazione personalizzata e prestazioni motorie ottimizzate.
Analisi cinematica e muscolare in contesti clinico e sportivo
RAFFINI, ALESSANDRA
2026
Abstract
Exploring the kinematics of human movement holds significant clinical relevance, offering essential insights into limb functionality under both physiological and pathological conditions, insights that are crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective treatment planning, and rehabilitation monitoring. Traditionally, non-wearable systems have been regarded as the gold standard for motion analysis; however, their high cost, limited accessibility, and dependence on controlled laboratory environments restrict their practical application. In contrast, wearable technologies, such as Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) and surface Electromyography (sEMG), provide portable, non-invasive, and flexible solutions that enable continuous monitoring and the acquisition of objective, quantitative data across a variety of real-world settings. This thesis explores the application of IMUs and sEMG in human movement analysis, with a focus on two main situations: (1) the development of an IMU-based protocol for assessing fall risk in the elderly, and (2) the investigation of shoulder kinematics and muscular activity in overhead sports. Through these studies, the work aims to advance the implementation of wearable technologies as reliable tools for objective movement assessment, bridging the gap between laboratory-based research and clinical or athletic practice. The first part of the thesis presents a novel methodology to make objective the application of the Tinetti Fall Risk Assessment Scale, the most widely used clinical tool for evaluating fall risk in the elderly population. The proposed protocol tries to overcome the main limitations of the clinical scale by adopting the use of sensors and of objective kinematic parameters derived from angular rotations. Validation was initially performed on a healthy young cohort to establish normative reference values, followed by application to an elderly population with varying levels of fall risk. The findings suggest age-related differences in the parameters, in particular in spectral power during standing balance, highlighting measurable distinctions in postural control. Although correlations between kinematic parameters and clinical scores were generally weak, consistent trends emerged in step duration and amplitude during the 360° turning task, suggesting its high sensitivity in capturing gait irregularities. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of wearable sensor technologies to complement and enhance conventional clinical scales, enabling more objective, reliable, and data-driven evaluations of balance and mobility in older adults. The second part focuses on shoulder biomechanics across three overhead sports, swimming, climbing, and water polo, where extensive mobility and repetitive overhead movements often lead to joint instability and overuse injuries. Using IMUs and sEMG, sport-specific kinematic patterns and neuromuscular activation profiles were quantified, alongside an evaluation of the effects of a physiotherapy intervention. Differences were identified between healthy and pathological athletes, with the rehabilitation protocol demonstrating notable improvements in muscle activation balance, proprioceptive control, and overall movement efficiency. Despite the relatively small sample sizes, the findings validate the applicability of wearable technologies as effective tools for monitoring and supporting targeted physiotherapy, individualized rehabilitation, and injury prevention strategies. Overall, this thesis contributes to the growing body of evidence advocating the validity of wearable IMU and sEMG technologies in both clinical and sports contexts. By enabling objective, quantitative, and context-specific analysis of human movement, these systems bridge the gap between laboratory research and practical application, paving the way toward data-driven healthcare, personalized rehabilitation, and performance optimization.| File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14242/364648
URN:NBN:IT:UNITS-364648